2. BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE By Dr. Vijay Kumar

3. Abnormal? Abnormal describes behavioral, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment in functioning

4. Perspective Clinicians and researchers have developed theories : To explain the causes of maladaptation and physical illness To decide how they may be treated effectively

5. PERSPECTIVES BEHAVIORAL PSYCHODYNAMIC COGNITIVEHUMANISTIC INTRAPERSONAL

6. Behavioral Perspective INTRODUCTION Arose in the early 20 th century. Main focus was on learning. Acc.to behaviourists,behaviour is a product of stimulus response relationships,not of intrapsychic conflicts. Perspective is based on widely studied pillars- CLASSICAL and OPERANT CONDITIONING.

7. Behavioral Perspective Focus on learning Consider behavior as a product of stimulus response relationship (S-R) modifies behavior by concentrating on altering the relevant aspect of the environment study of behavioral perspective is divided into 3 parts  Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning  Social Cognitive factors

8. Classical Conditioning Short Biography 20 years studying digestive system 30 years studying learning 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine Noticed that dogs would drool in anticipation of food. What were dogs thinking or feeling? Noticed that dogs would drool in anticipation of food. What were dogs thinking or feeling? Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

9. Classical Conditioning Will the dog learn to associate the arrival of food with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell)? Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

10. Classical ConditioningTerms Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus UCR UCR - drool in response to food (not learned) UCS UCS - food (triggers drool reflex) CR CR - drool in response to sound of bell (learned) CS CS - sound of bell (triggers drool reflex) UCR UCR - drool in response to food (not learned) UCS UCS - food (triggers drool reflex) CR CR - drool in response to sound of bell (learned) CS CS - sound of bell (triggers drool reflex)

11. Paradigm of CC

12. Principles of Conditioning Acquisition - initial learning of the responseAcquisition - initial learning of the response (Is Before better than After?) (Is Before better than After?) Spontaneous Recovery - reappearance of theSpontaneous Recovery - reappearance of the CR after some time period CR after some time period Generalization - tendency to respond to similarGeneralization - tendency to respond to similar CS (e.g., a similar sounding bell CS (e.g., a similar sounding bell) Discrimination - learned ability to distinguishDiscrimination - learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli between the CS and other stimuli Extinction - decrease in CR without CSExtinction - decrease in CR without CS

13. C.C is also basis for some therapies as SYSTEMATIC DESENSETIZATION : Therapeutic procedure to extinguish our conditioned response E.g. A women who has been afraid of cars been injured in a serious auto crash(conditioning) Car crash & injury(UCS) Fear(UCR) Car(CS) Fear(CR) Through a series of steps women’s fear could be removed as: New conditioning bond would be built up between a car and the relaxed state

14. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior with its’ consequences (e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”) Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior with its’ consequences (e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”) Operant Conditioning Using Operant Conditioning, individuals are more likely to repeat rewarded behaviors and avoid unpleasant.

15. Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner wanted a way to study reinforced responding without breaking the experiment up into discrete trials, and, for convenience, he wanted to automate the instrumental learning situation. To do all this he invented the Skinner Box or as it is often called, the operant chamber.

16. Operant Conditioning Skinner’s box

17. Behavioral Change Mechanism Reinforcers Reinforcers - any event that increases the frequency of the preceding event Positive Reinforcer Introduce (+) stimulus (e.g., food) Negative Reinforcers Remove (-) stimulus (e.g., electric shock) Reinforcers ALWAYS strengthen behavior! Reinforcement

18. More Reinforcement Primary Reinforcers Innately satisfying, Not learned (e.g., getting food) Secondary Reinforcers Associated with primary reinforcers & learned (e.g., praise) Immediate Reinforcement Reinforce immediately preceding behavior (e.g., nicotine) Delayed Reinforcement Reinforcement at some point after behavior occurs (e.g., paychecks)

19. Behavior Change Mechanism Opposite of Reinforcement Attempts to decrease behavior by introducing an unpleasant punisher Problems With Punishment Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed (may reappear in other situations) P does not guide toward acceptable behavior (doesn’t tell you what you should do) Problems With Punishment Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed (may reappear in other situations) P does not guide toward acceptable behavior (doesn’t tell you what you should do) PUNISHMENT

20. Social Cognitive Factors Modeling: Learning from the behavior and outcomes of others. – Occurs before direct practice is allowed Modeling: Learning from the behavior and outcomes of others. – Occurs before direct practice is allowed Both (+) and (-) actions can be learned by observing others Both (+) and (-) actions can be learned by observing others Learning + Reinforcement+ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

21. Bo-Bo Doll Experiment :By Albert Bandura Observational Learning

22. VIEWS OF PSYCHOLOGISTS  ALBERT BANDURA-gave the concept of observation learning and gave the view that symbolic representation helps in learning the behaviour.  ROTTER ELLIS-his whole theory is based on expectancy.He focused on cognitive factors.

23. CLINICAL ASPECT 1) SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION- it is a therapeutic procedure whose goal is to extinguish a conditioned response. 2)MODELING- it is a behaviour therapy which can be used to change behaviour because people are able to learn by watching how other people do things.

24. CONCLUSION MERITS  1) The perspective is scientific,reliable and valid.  2)It is objective in nature.  3)Data of analysis is emperical base. DEMERITS  1 ) Methodology is not clear.  2) Individual behaviour is explained.