1. November 3 rd, 2011

2. Rex, Regis Civis, Civis (m) Nubes, Nubis (f) Urbs, Urbis (f) Mare, Maris (n) Vis, Vis (f) Nom:RexCivisNubesUrbsMareVis Gen:RegisCivisNubisUrbisMarisVis Dat:RegiCiviNubiUrbiMariVi Acc:RegemCivemNubemUrbemMareVim Abl:RegeCiveNubeUrbeMariViVi Nom:RegesCivesNubesUrbesMariaVires Gen:RegumCiviumNubiumUrbiumMariumVirium Dat:RegibusCivibusNubibusUrbibusMaribusViribus Acc:RegesCivesNubesUrbesMariaVires Abl:RegibusCivibusNubibusUrbibusMaribusViribus

3.  Certain prepositions are followed by words in the ablative case (i.e. Cum “with”, Ex “from”, Ab “by”, De “about” etc.).  Note: Latin does not always require the presence of a preposition for one to be understood.  Sometimes the ablative standing on its own must be translated with a preposition in English, esp. when used to connote means, instrument, or accompaniment.

4.  ABLATIVE CASE GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS THE “ADVERBIAL” CASE BECAUSE IT TELLS US SOMETHING ABOUT HOW THE ACTION OF A VERB WAS PERFORMED.

5.  By means of what, by what, or with what an action occurred.  Bestiam vinculis tenebunt “They will hold the beast with chains.”  Auxilio puerorum donum pulchrum faciemus “With the help of the boys we will make a beautiful gift.”  Cf. Wheelock, p. 91 for additional examples.

6.  Cum + Ablative used to describe “how” or “in what way” the action of a verb occurs.  Poetam cum magna invidia audivi – “I heard the poet with great envy.”  Puellam cum cura audivi – “I listened to the girl with care.”

7.  Cum + Ablative used to describe with whom an action has occurred.  Cum amicis venerunt – “They came with friends.”  Caesar cum multis copiis revenerunt – “Caesar returned with many troops.”

8.  Words connoting time are placed in the ablative without a preposition to indicate time when or within which the action of the verb took place.  Uno anno redibit – “He will return within one year.”  Eo tempore Caesar Galliam vincebat – “At that time Caesar was conquering Gaul.”

9.  Ordinary cardinal numbers (i.e. One, two, three etc.).  Most cardinal numbers from one to one hundred do not decline.  One (unus, una, unum), two (duo, duae, duo), three (tres, tria) and thousand (mille, milia) do decline – Cf. Wheelock pp. 97-98.  Cardinal numbers from 200 to 900 declined like plural 1 st /2 nd declension adjectives (i.e. See plural declension of magnus, magna, magnum – Quingenti, Quingentae, Quingenta (500).  Mille (1000) indeclinable in the singular but declines like a 3 rd declension i-stem noun in the plural – Cf. Wheelock, p. 97.

10.  Numbers indicating order, rank, or sequence (i.e. First, second, third).  Decline like ordinary 1 st /2 nd declension adjectives (plural) (i.e. Like the plural of magnus, magna, magnum).  Cf. Wheelock, p. 451.

11.  A word indicating the whole group from which another word is but a part is expressed in the genitive.  Pars consilii tui erat bona. – “Part of your advice was good.”  Nemo amicorum meorum venit. – “No one of my friends came.”  Often used after certain nominative and accustaive pronouns and adjectives (i.e. Aliquid, quid, multum, plus, minus, satis, nihil, tantum, quantum).  Nihil temporis = No time (Literally = Nothing of time).  Satis sapientiae = Enough wisdom (Literally = Enough of wisdom).  Note: sometimes a part of the whole can be expressed with the prepositions “ex” (from) or “de” (about, from) + ablative (i.e. Tres ex amicis = Three of my friends); generally used when cardinal numbers are involved.  Cf. Wheelock, p. 99.