1. Senior Seminar Data Analysis

2. Crosstabulation Family Income $17,500-$35,000- Voting<$17,500$34,999$59,999$60,000+ Voted 60% 73% 75% 84% Did not 40% 27% 25% 16% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% (n) (424) (550) (541)(433)

3. Crosstabulating Variables Crosstabulations reveal 4 aspects of the association between 2 variables: –Existence: is there a correlation? –Strength: How strong does the correlation appear to be? –Direction: Positive or negative correlation? –Pattern: Are changes in the percentage distribution of the dependent variable fairly regular (simply increasing or decreasing), or do they vary?

4. Controlling for a Third Variable Associations (correlations) do not necessary mean causation Use elaboration analysis to determine whether an association is due to a causal relationship or to another variable Three types…. Intervening, extraneous, and specification...

5. Intervening Variables Income Perceived Efficacy Voting

6. Extraneous Variables IncomeVoting Education

7. Example RQ: Are juvenile church attendees less likely to be deviant than juveniles that don’t attend church? HYP: Juvenile church attendees are less likely to be deviant than juveniles that don’t attend church. The 3 criteria for Causation –CorrelationCorrelation The data indicated a correlation between the two variables (church attendance and delinquency) –Time Order Much more difficult to establish for questionnaire data Other research indicates that church attendance reflects family religious patterns – These patterns are generally established before a teen is born Thus, time order is probably controlled for

8. –Spuriousness Could another variable be the determining factor for delinquency instead of church attendance? (Elaboration Analysis) – Race Race – School School – Grade – Gender Gender

9. Church Attendance And Delinquency Church Attendance FrequentInfrequent Delinquent 22% 38% Not Delinquent 78% 62% -------- -------- 100% 100%

10. Control for Race Church Attendance Frequent Infrequent Whites Delinquent 26 40 Not Delinquent 74 60 ----------- ----------- 100% 100% African Americans Delinquent 27 41 Not Delinquent 73 59 ----------- ------------ 100% 100%

11. Control for School Church Attendance Frequent Infrequent High School #1 Delinquent 31 35 Not Delinquent 69 65 ----------- ----------- 100% 100% High School #2 Delinquent 37 30 Not Delinquent 63 70 ----------- ------------ 100% 100%

12. Control for Sex Church Attendance Frequent Infrequent Boys Delinquent 50 50 Not Delinquent 50 50 ----------- ----------- 100% 100% Girls Delinquent 10 10 Not Delinquent 90 90 ----------- ------------ 100% 100%

13. Findings The hypothesis was not supported! The correlation between church attendance and delinquency is spurious –The third variable of gender appears to be an extraneous variable