1. Paragraph 1: Highs and lows in France

2. Altitude differences in France In France you see big differences in altitude. This is called relief. Types of relief: 1. lowland: lower than 200m 2. Hills: between 200-500 m 3. Low mountain ranges: between 500-1500m 4. High mountain ranges: higher than 1500m

3. Specific types of land 1. Basin: lowland surrounded by hills 2. Coastal plain: a region with very little relief lower than 500m 3. Plateau: a region with very little relief higher than 500 m 4. Glacier: an ice field in a high mountain range that moves slowly downhill. 5. Peninsula: a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. 6. Indented coast: a coast with deep bays and inlets.

4. Paragraph 2: Landscape and climate in France and Europe

5. Köppens Classification System Köppen identified 5 climate zones. And to describe each climate zone in more detail, he added extra letters for the amount of precipitation. capital letters normal letters Climate zonesLetters for precipitation A: tropical climatef: fehlt  precipitation all year B: dry climates: sommer  dry in summer C: sea climatew: winter  dry in winter D: continental climate E: polar climate

6. Köppens Classification System A-climate: Tropical climate a very hot climate, mostly around the equator minimum temperature in winter 18°C Tropical rainforest and Savannah

7. Köppens Classification System B-climate: Dry climate a very dry (warm or cold!) climate Maximum annual precipitation 500mm  Desert and Steppe

8. Köppens Classification System C-climate: sea or maritime climate a very moderate climate, highly influenced by the temperature of the sea. summer temperature above 15°C Winter temperatures above -3°C Deciduous forest belt

9. Köppens Classification System D-climate: a moderate climate influenced by the temperature of the continent summer temperatures between 10°C and 15°C winter temperatures below -3°C  Taiga

10. Köppens Classification System E-climate: Polar climate a very cold climate, mostly in high mountain range all year below 10°C Tundra To this climate, capital letters can be added: F: snow in polar regions H: snow on high mountain ranges T: tundra

11. Climates in Europe In Europe we mostly see the following climates: Cf: in countries along the Northsea coastline Cs: in countries along the Mediterranean coastline Df: in countries north of 55°NL and in countries east of 10°EL ET: in countries north of 66°NL EH: in the high montain ranges of the Alps and the Pyrenees

15. How to draw a climate diagram? 1. Because the temperature is about the average of a month, draw a dot in the middle of the month. Then link them together with a (red) line. 2. The precipitation is the total of rainfall in a month. Therefore, you draw a horizontal line on the whole width of the month and make a bar of it.

16. Latitude How far away is a place from the equator? Definition: the distance in degrees of a place from the equator Places with a low latitude have a higher temperature than places with a high latitude

17. Latitude and temperature  When the sun shines vertically the heat is more intense, because it has to warm a small surface.  When the sun shines diagonally, the heat is less intense, because the heat is diverted over a bigger surface. diagonallyhigh latitude  verticallylow latitude 

18. Angle of the sun The more diagonally the angle of the sun, the bigger the part that has to be warmed up.

19. Altitude Places on a higher altitude are colder than places on a lower altitude. Air is warmed up from the earth. When you go 1000 metres up, the temperature goes 6˚C down.

20. Distribution of land and sea Land warms up quickly and cools down quickly; water warms up slowly and cools down slowly.

21. Direction of the wind Onshore winds: come from the sea and give a temperature moderation. offshore winds: come from the land and give very high (summer) or very low (winter) temperatures.

22. Onshore winds: In summer sea is cooler than land  cool winds Offshore winds: In winter: land is cooler than sea  cool winds

23. Ocean currents In the oceans there are warm and cold gulf streams, which make the temperature on land go up or go down.

24. Location of the mountains A mountain range can stop (moisture) air and therefore cause a different climate on each side of the mountain range. For example the Alps mountain range: on the west side the climate is cooler and moister. The south side on the other hand is warmer and drier.

25. Paragraph 3: People in France and Europe

26. Population size A population size is constantly changing, influenced by two factors: 1. Natural changes: caused by births and deaths 2. Social changes: caused by immigration and emigration

27. Natural changes: natural population growth Birth rate: the number of births in a year per 1,000 people Death rate: the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people If there are more births than deaths there is a birth surplus If there are more deaths than births there is a death surplus

28. Social changes: social population growth Immigration: people from other parts of the world who come to live in foreign countries permanentely. Emigration: people who leave their country to live permanentely in another of the world. Immigration surplus: when the number of people who come to live in a foreign country is greater than the number of poeple who leave that country. Otherwise there is a emigration surplus.

30. The future of France