1. Earthquake hazards  Ground Rupture Ground rupture from the M8.1 2001 Tibet earthquake Alaskan pipe after the Denali quake ruptured through

2. Earthquake hazards (cont.)  Shaking  Wave amplitude  Wave frequency  Duration of shaking

3. Earthquake hazards (cont)  Liquefaction  Saturated sand loses strength upon shaking 1964 Nigata Japan  Tsunami  Wave wavelength ocean waves that can travel vast distances 2004 Sumatra earthquake

4. Sumatra Earthquake tsunami

7. Seismic Hazard of MA

8. Cape Ann Earthquake 1755 Woodcut illustration depicting damage in Boston from the earthquake

9. Hazard vs risk z1989 Macquarie Ridge, New Zealand yM 8.3 yNo losses z1960 Agadir, Morocco yM 5.5 y12,000 deaths

10. Earthquake Risk zRisk = hazard x vulnerability zThe amount of damage and numbers of earthquake related deaths do not correlate to magnitude of the earthquake.

11. Products of hazard assessment zActive fault map zHistorical seismicity zEarthquake likelihood

12. 3D models assess seismic hazard in Los Angeles, CA SCEC Community Fault Model

13. Acceptable Risk zLevel of acceptable risk depends on the structure zCannot design for maximum earthquake with low probability zSocial question

14. How would you mitigate damages from…. zGround Rupture zLiquefaction zGround Shaking zTsunami

15. Ground Rupture zAvoid construction zRelocate sensitive facilities zImplement low use facilities yPlaying fields yGreen space

16. Portola Valley California

18. Liquefaction zRecognize liquefaction potential zIn-situ remediation zAvoid construction in liquefaction prone areas

19. Tsunami mitigation zEarly warning system yBroadcast signal to beaches after a major earthquake anywhere in the ocean basin zSaftey guidelines yGo to high ground yClimb a tree

20. Ground Shaking zRecognize the degree of probable ground shaking in the area zImprove construction methods to accommodate shaking without collapse