1. The Classical Era (1750-1820) The Enlightenment:
Reason & philosophy > social & religious establishment
Middle class > Aristocracy
Wars with the purpose of revolution
French Revolution
Napoleon becomes Emperor by involvement, not birthright.
Turning away from the elaborate, & extravagant

2. Baroque – Breakfast
Documening an action, but nothing behind it. No purpose

3. Classical -

4. Gin lane - alcoholism

8. Classical Music Functional Harmony
Simpler, lighter and clearer than Baroque
Emphasis on grace, elegance and beauty
Orchestra grows in size and instrumentation
Concentration on new homophonic forms:
Symphony, Concerto, String Quartet, Sonata
Functional Harmony
Two main elements:
TONIC (I) Acts like a resting place, feels like ‘home base’
DOMINANT (V) Wants to pull back to the tonic. Feels full of tension and unease. 8

9. Sonata Form The Classical Era’s most popular form
Used in Symphonies, Concertos, String Quartets, Sonatas.
When used, Sonata form is almost always seen in the first movement and in a moderate to quick tempo.

10. Sonata Form Introduction Exposition – first appearance of themes
Development – themes are developed
Recapitulation – Exposition is recapped
Coda – Short ending

11. Sonata Form Exposition – two themes are introduced: Development
Theme A (in the tonic key)
Theme B (in the dominant key)
The Exposition is played twice
Development
One or both of the themes are developed
No set or typical length
Recapitulation
Restatement of the Exposition (no repeat)
Both themes played in the tonic

12. Optional Elements
Coda – Literally translating to ‘tail’, a brief passage at the end of the work serving as a finale.
Cadenza – Usually found in concertos or sonatas, an improvised unaccompanied solo.
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13. Franz Joseph Haydn ( )
Early musical training at age 6 as a choirboy, harpsichordist and violinist
Age 17, began freelancing career
Worked as teacher, accompanist and street musician
Self-taught on composition
Successful compositions brought fame and notoriety.
1761: Kapellmeister to the Esterhazy family
Composer, performer, conductor, etc.
Born in Austria. Age 8 recruited to Viennese Boys’ Choir 13

14. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Popular and influential
Close friend to Mozart
Beethoven traveled to study with him
Developed genres of Symphony and String Quartet
As a composer helped elevate both to higher musical statuses
Quirky composer, light and sarcastic wit
Surprise Symphony
Farewell Symphony
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