1. HUMS 101: Industrial Revolutions and Evolutions

2. I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution A. Why Europe? 1.Not pre-ordained: Technology, science, and economics elsewhere: China, India, Islamic world 2.Competition within Europe spurred state-supported innovation. 3.States developed alliances with merchants

4. I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution A. Why Europe? 4.Competition with Asian imports: Indian Ocean trade created markets and demand for better quality manufactured goods; imports threatened domestic production, leading Europeans to greater innovation in more efficient production methods. 5.The American windfall: silver, sugar, slaves, and more: geographic location, Great Dying; raw resources, capital accumulation

5. I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution B. Why Britain? 1.British Colonies: Spain had better ones, but aristocratic 2.Commercial society: merchants thrived, aristocrats adopted capitalist mentality. 3.Agricultural Revolution: improvement led to great increases in productivity. 4.Religious toleration 5.Political security: Glorious Revolution (1688); rule of law; patent law

6. I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution B. Why Britain? 6.Practical, not theoretical, science 7.Central bank and capital accumulation 8.Patent law 9.Lucky geography: coal, iron, isolation 10.French Revolution did not damage UK 11.Factory system: a)Division of labor b)Central source of power c)Enclosed space/one roof

7. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE WORLD PER CAPITA LEVELS, 1750-1913 $N.B. All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900. $Adapted from P. Bairoch, “ International Industrialization Levels from 1750-1890, ” Journal of European Economic History 11 (Fall 1982), p. 294. Data for Britain is actually for the United Kingdom, including Ireland with England, Wales and Scotland. Date/ country 1750180018301860188019001913 Britain1016256487100115 Belgium9101428435688 U.S.A.4914213869126 France991220283959 Germany88915255285 Austria77811152332 Italy88810121726 Russia6678101520 China8664433 India7663212

9. II. The First Industrial Society A. The British Aristocracy 1.Landowners remained wealthy 2.But overall, gradual decline in class power: entrepreneurs, industrialists, bankers became wealthier. 3.Aristocracy eclipsed by 1900. 4.Turn to the empire: enthusiasm was everywhere.

10. II. The First Industrial Society B. The Middle Classes 1.An amorphous group 2.Classical Liberalism: small government, free trade, education, law 3.Samuel Smiles, Self-Help 4.Women: paragons of “respectability” 5.The lower middle class: struggled to stay out of working class: at least one servant

11. II. The First Industrial Society C. The Laboring Classes 1.70 percent of Britain: suffered most, gained least 2.Rapid urbanization and unplanned: by 1851, majority of Britons in cities; by 1900 London: 6 million 3.New working conditions: long, regulated hours, dark enclosed factories; surveillance angered workers. 4.Women and girls in the factory? Pushed out by “skilled” male workers.

12. II. The First Industrial Society D. Social Protest 1.Trade unions, 1824 (legalized) 2.Robert Owen (1771–1858): capitalist “utopian” socialism: New Lanark (c. 1800): better housing, higher wages, children’s education. 3.Karl Marx’s (1818–1883) “scientific socialism”: revolution, history, capitalism; wrong about middle class and nationalism; right about over-production and widening gap between real wages and labor productivity

14. II. The First Industrial Society D. Social Protest 4.Revolutions of 1848: 50, mostly failed, but beginnings of working class revolt. 5.Labor Party and 1910–1913 strikes threatened revolution (along with suffragists) 6.British reform (and nationalism), not revolution 7.Competition and decline, losing its lead to USA and Germany.

15. II. The First Industrial Society E. Europeans in Motion 1.Migration to cities (almost half urbanized) and other continents (20%: 50-55 mill. Left 1815-1939). 2.Settler colonies: Australian, New Zealand, Canada, USA; smaller groups to Algeria, South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya. 3.“White” Europeans in Latin America, mostly from Spain, Portugal, and Italy; sought higher social status over Indians and Africans.

16. II. The First Industrial Society E. Europeans in Motion 4.Opportunities and diversity in the United States: 30 million Europeans, 1820-1930; not really a “melting pot”. British and German Protestants looked down on Catholics and Jews. 5.Russians and Ukrainians to Siberia, after 1861 some 10 million Russian and Ukrainian-speaking peasants migrated to Siberia, looking for land and freedom. Romanov Empire promoted them as bulwark against China and Japan.

18. III. Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in USA A. United States: Industrialization without Socialism 1.Explosive growth: self-sustaining investments, soon did not need foreign investment 2.By 1914: USA produced 1/3 of world’s industrial output 3.Pro-business legislation: land grants, low taxes, tolerance of monopolies 4.Mass production for a mass market: assembly lines, marketing methods: “culture of consumption” 5.Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller as cultural heroes

20. III. Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in USA A. United States: Industrialization without Socialism 6.Workers: Difficult working and living conditions 7.Strikes and class conflict but weak political organization: socialism not attractive to independent, anti-government spirit. 8.Conservative unions, racial politics, and high standards of living: unions focused on skilled laborers; racial, ethnic, and religious divides 9.Growing middle class 10.Populists and Progressives but few Socialists