1. Industrial Revolution 1750-1850

2. Why England? Political Stability Religious Toleration Agricultural Revolution -Convertible Husbandry -Enclosure Movement Expanding Population Capital for Investment, Central Bank

3. Geographic Advantages Relatively Small Close to the Sea Balance of resources - Iron and coal -fertile plains -Streams

4. Industrialization 1750-1850 England Textile industry was first to industrialize First factories along streams Steam engine allowed inland factories Railroad allowed transportation of passengers and goods

5. Industrialization 1750-1850 Great Exhibition of 1851 Display of 13,000 exhibitors showing British Industrial goods Crystal Palace- first prefabricated building

6. Industrialization 1750-1850 The Continent Belgium first to industrialize (coal and iron) German states hampered by internal taxes and tariffs Zollverein- customs union that abolished tariffs. Prussia rapidly industrialized

7. Industrialization 1750-1850 Impact Urbanization Horrible work conditions Sadler Committee Exposed factory conditions for children Factory Act 1833 Limited hours children could work

8. National Unification 1854-1871

9. Crimean War Ended the idea of the Concert of Europe Nations would no longer intervene to end nationalist wars

10. Italy Led by Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Only Italian state with liberal constitution Cavour, Chief Minister to king Victor Emmanuel Allied with France to kick Austria out of Italy Conflict ended before Austria was driven out France feared unified Italian state

11. Italy Garibaldi angered over terms of peace treaty with France Cavour encouraged him to invade Sicily 1,000 Red Shirts conquered southern Italy Marched on Rome

12. Italy Covour did not want Garibaldi to unify Italy Rushed troops to block his march Popular revolt in papal states Used his troops to restore order Victor Emmanuel declared King of unified Italy 1861 (except Venetia and Rome) Italy seized Venetia from Austria in 1866 (Austro Prussian War) Rome added in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)

13. Germany Austria and Prussia dominant states Austria excluded from Zollverein, Prussia dominant economically Prussian King William I selected Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister “Blood and Iron” – power and authority, not liberalism Bismarck modernized Prussia's army

14. Germany Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) 1866 Prussia annexed German States that supported Austria, left Austria intact North German Confederation

15. Germany Franco-Prussian War 1870 Prussian army overwhelmed the French William I declared emperor of Germany -Alsace and Lorraine to Germany -French to pay indemnity for war -Germany became leading economic power on the continent -Scramble for Africa - race for empire oversees

16. Germany Kulturkampf Conflict with the Catholic Church Control of church appointments, education Bismarck banned Socialist from assembling, publishing material

17. France Napoleon III ruled as an absolute monarch Economic expansion at beginning of reign Georges Haussmann Cleared slums of Paris Built wide avenues Aqueducts to bring fresh water Cleaner and more sanitary

18. France Napoleon III’s popularity faded as a result of Crimean War Enacted “liberal empire”, becoming a constitutional monarch 1859 Was captured during Franco Prussian War Paris Commune result of anarchy of Franco-Prussian War Restored order in Paris Massacred 25,000 Parisians

19. France Third Republic 1870-1940 Universal male suffrage Representative parliament Elected president

20. Great Britain Expansion of Democracy Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli Second Reform Bill 1867 All male heads of household could vote Prime Minister William Gladstone Vote extended to heads of household in the Countryside During reign of Queen Victoria (r1837-1901) deterioration of the power of the monarchy