1. Human/Environment Interaction
This theme includes:
Demography & Disease
Demography is the statistical study of human populations
Migrations
Patterns of Settlement
Technology

2. Paleolithic Era: Demography
Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

3. Paleolithic Era: Migration

4. Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement
Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)
Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits
Follow migratory patterns of animals
Need large portions of land to support themselves
Life expectancy was 20 years or less
Lived in groups of people

5. Paleolithic Era: Technology

6. Neolithic Era: Technology
Agriculture (10,000 BCE)
Caused by climate change?
Slash & Burn
Domestication of Animals
Technology related to agriculture
Irrigation, canals, etc.
Bronze metallurgy
People need nature & nature needs people

7. Neolithic Era: Demography
Effects of agriculture
Increase in population
Rise of disease
Decline of life expectancy
Environmental degradation
Increase in pollution
Increase in deforestation
Increase in desertification
Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

8. New Patterns of Settlement
Small village communities
Pastoral societies
Nomadic herders
Rise of civilizations
Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
Egypt (3000 BCE)
Indus River (2500 BCE)
China (2000 BCE)
Olmec (1400 BCE)
Chavin (900 BCE)

9. Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans

10. Human Migration: Polynesians
Bananas!

11. Human Migration: Bantu

12. New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron
Population growth
Expansion of agriculture
Growth of cities
Expansion of civilization

13. Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

14. Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease
Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc.
Population decreases dramatically
Europe falls 50% between CE
Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between CE
Contributes to the decline of classical empires

15. Post-Classical Migration
Camels!

16. Post-Classical Demography
Population grows after 800 CE
Technology
Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system
China: Champa rice & terrace farming
Africa: Iron plow
Aztecs: Chinampas
Spread of crops
Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc.
End of a mini-Ice Age?

18. Post-Classical Demography
Urbanization
Hangzhou—1 million ppl.
Paris—275,000 people
Italian cities
Tenochtitlan
Bubonic Plague
China’s population fell 50% from
Europe’s population fell 33%-50%
Population took only 100 years to rebound

19. Spread of Civilization

20. Spread of Civilization

21. Demography 1450-1750: Americas
Discovery of the Americas
Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90%
Replaced by two waves of migration
African slave trade
European colonization

22. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

23. Columbian Exchange

24. Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750
Improved farming techniques
Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn)
End of nomadic invasions

25. Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization Agricultural Revolution
Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population
London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650
Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700
Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation and enclosures
American crops (corn and potatoes)
Population in every area of Europe increased by % in the 18th century

26. Industrial Revolution & Resources
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Palm Oil
Rubber
Rubber
Rubber
Gold & Diamonds
Gold
Meat

27. Demography : Global

28. Demography 1750-1914: Europe Tremendous population growth
Improvements in food supply
Application of science & technology
Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock
Refrigeration
Industrial transportation eliminates famine
Steamboat
Creates a greater need for new energy sources
Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum
Year
Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0

29. Demography 1750-1914: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization
High to low mortality
High to low fertility
Rapid urbanization
Suburbanization
Decline in urban mortality
Urban sanitation
Germ theory of disease

30. European Migration from 1750
40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

31. African Slave Trade after 1750
Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

32. Demography : Asia
Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850
Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism
Asia’s population nearly doubled
China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million
India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

33. Asian labor migration after 1750
Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific
China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas
India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean
U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

34. Population Explosion of 20th Century
Why?
Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange), colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates

35. Causes of Population Growth
Public Health Measures
Attacks on disease carrying insects
Widespread vaccinations
Polio Vaccine
Information campaigns
Programs to control sewage and other contaminants
International agencies focused on health care
More dependable food supplies
New farming methods

36. Polio Vaccine

37. Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria

38. New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS

39. Diseases Associated with Old Age
Predicted Alzheimer's cases

40. Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles

41. Impacts of Population Growth
Improved Agriculture
Green Revolution
Peasants Uprisings
China, Mexico, etc.
Pressure Third World governments
Urbanization
Parasitic cities
Urban pollution
Immigration
East Asian emigration continued
Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S.
Immigrants face prejudice

42. Limiting Population Growth
Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion
85% of countries backed family planning
China adopted a two-child policy in 1977
Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization
Return of plague epidemics
AIDS virus

43. New Scientific Discoveries
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Quantum mechanics
Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level
Big Bang Theory
Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Karl Jung