1. OwlTeacher.com The 13 British Colonies (1689–1754)

2. OwlTeacher.com The English Civil War England’s Parliament was made up of representatives of the people. England’s Parliament was made up of representatives of the people. It had the power to make laws and approve new taxes. It had the power to make laws and approve new taxes. King Charles I demanded money from towns and cities without Parliament’s consent. King Charles I demanded money from towns and cities without Parliament’s consent. Parliament saw this as an attempt to limit its power and the rights of English property owners. Parliament saw this as an attempt to limit its power and the rights of English property owners.

3. OwlTeacher.com Parliament’s forces defeated and executed King Charles in 1649. Parliament’s forces defeated and executed King Charles in 1649. The leader of Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, governed England until his death in 1659. The leader of Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, governed England until his death in 1659. In 1660, Parliament restored the monarchy by placing Charles II, the son of Charles I, on the throne. In 1660, Parliament restored the monarchy by placing Charles II, the son of Charles I, on the throne.

4. OwlTeacher.com Mercantilism Theory of Mercantilism A country should try to get and keep as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible. A country should try to get and keep as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible. To achieve this, a country ’ s balance of trade, or the difference between imports and exports, should show more exports than imports. To achieve this, a country ’ s balance of trade, or the difference between imports and exports, should show more exports than imports.

5. OwlTeacher.com Mercantilism Effects on War and Politics –The Navigation Act tightened English control over colonial trade by requiring the colonies to sell certain goods only to England. –If colonists wanted to sell goods to other parts of the world, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on it.

6. OwlTeacher.comMercantilism Effects on Trade Laws European countries fought over territory and trade routes. European countries fought over territory and trade routes. British rulers tightened controls over the American colonies. British rulers tightened controls over the American colonies. King James II tried to take direct control over New York and New England by creating the Dominion of New England. King James II tried to take direct control over New York and New England by creating the Dominion of New England.

7. OwlTeacher.comMercantilism Anger in the Colonies Colonists resented James’s grab for power. Colonists resented James’s grab for power. They were angry with the governor of the Dominion that James had appointed. They were angry with the governor of the Dominion that James had appointed. When Parliament replaced James II with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, New England citizens rebelled and ended the Dominion. When Parliament replaced James II with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, New England citizens rebelled and ended the Dominion.

8. OwlTeacher.com Britain’s Colonial Policy in the Early 1700s Origins of Self-Government In theory, the royal governors of the colonies had great power. In theory, the royal governors of the colonies had great power. In reality, the colonial legislatures held the most power. In reality, the colonial legislatures held the most power. They created and passed laws regarding defense and taxation. They created and passed laws regarding defense and taxation. They set salaries for royal officials and influenced appointments of local officials. They set salaries for royal officials and influenced appointments of local officials.

9. OwlTeacher.com Salutary Neglect Britain allowed its colonies more freedom to govern themselves than other European nations did. Britain allowed its colonies more freedom to govern themselves than other European nations did.

10. OwlTeacher.com This British policy, known as salutary neglect, had three causes: This British policy, known as salutary neglect, had three causes: 1.England had a long tradition of strong local government and weak central power. 2.British government lacked the resources to enforce its wishes. 3.Britain gave the colonies freedom because the existing economy and politics served the British interests.

11. OwlTeacher.com Diverse Colonial Economies Southern Colonies This economy was based on staple crops—crops that are in constant demand. This economy was based on staple crops—crops that are in constant demand. Staple crops included tobacco and rice, both grown on large plantations worked by slaves. Staple crops included tobacco and rice, both grown on large plantations worked by slaves.

12. OwlTeacher.com Diverse Colonial Economies Middle Colonies The economy of the Middle Colonies was a mixture of farming and commerce. The economy of the Middle Colonies was a mixture of farming and commerce. Rich, fertile soil produced wheat, barley, and rye. Rich, fertile soil produced wheat, barley, and rye. New York and Philadelphia supported the business of merchants, traders, and craftspeople. New York and Philadelphia supported the business of merchants, traders, and craftspeople.

13. OwlTeacher.com Diverse Colonial Economies New England Colonies The New England economy relied on “carrying trade.” The New England economy relied on “carrying trade.” Merchants carried crops and goods from one place to another. Merchants carried crops and goods from one place to another. The business of trading goods between the Americas, Europe, and Africa, was called triangular trade. The business of trading goods between the Americas, Europe, and Africa, was called triangular trade.

14. OwlTeacher.com Colonial Society American colonists brought many ideas and customs from Europe. American colonists brought many ideas and customs from Europe. Most colonists believed: Most colonists believed: –The wealthy were superior to the poor. –Men were superior to women. –Whites were superior to blacks.

15. OwlTeacher.com The differences between social ranks could be seen in colonial clothes, houses, and manners. The differences between social ranks could be seen in colonial clothes, houses, and manners. Ordinary people wore dresses or plain pants and shirts. Ordinary people wore dresses or plain pants and shirts. Gentry (“gentle folk” ) wore wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs, and the latest fashions. Gentry (“gentle folk” ) wore wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs, and the latest fashions. Gentry — men and women wealthy enough to hire others to work for them Gentry — men and women wealthy enough to hire others to work for them

16. OwlTeacher.com Wealth in Land For English colonists, land was the foundation for real wealth. For English colonists, land was the foundation for real wealth. Most landowners were white men. Most landowners were white men. In the 1700s, gentry built mansions to display their wealth and filled them with fine furniture, silver, and porcelain. In the 1700s, gentry built mansions to display their wealth and filled them with fine furniture, silver, and porcelain. In each colony, a small group of elite, landowning men dominated politics. In each colony, a small group of elite, landowning men dominated politics.

17. OwlTeacher.com Trades and Occupations Artisans Young boys became apprentices, individuals placed under a legal contract to work for another person in exchange for learning a trade. Young boys became apprentices, individuals placed under a legal contract to work for another person in exchange for learning a trade. Artisans made silver products, cabinets, tinware, pottery, and glassware. Artisans made silver products, cabinets, tinware, pottery, and glassware.

18. OwlTeacher.com Printers Colonial printers were considered vital because they gathered and circulated local news and information. Colonial printers were considered vital because they gathered and circulated local news and information. Benjamin Franklin, one of America’s most famous printers, published Poor Richard’s Almanac. Benjamin Franklin, one of America’s most famous printers, published Poor Richard’s Almanac. An almanac is a book containing information such as calendars, weather predictions, and advice. An almanac is a book containing information such as calendars, weather predictions, and advice.

19. OwlTeacher.com Farmers Farms in the colonies varied in size from large cash-crop plantations in the South to small, self-supporting farms in the Middle and New England Colonies. Farms in the colonies varied in size from large cash-crop plantations in the South to small, self-supporting farms in the Middle and New England Colonies.

20. OwlTeacher.com Fisher- men Fish was dried, salted, and shipped out from harbor cities. Fish was dried, salted, and shipped out from harbor cities. Fishing became a strong industry and promoted the growth of shipbuilding. Fishing became a strong industry and promoted the growth of shipbuilding.

21. OwlTeacher.com Indentured Servants Many immigrants came to the colonies as indentured servants. Many immigrants came to the colonies as indentured servants.

22. OwlTeacher.com Colonial Women Women and the Law Under English common law, a husband had complete control over his wife. Under English common law, a husband had complete control over his wife. Women could not Women could not –Own property. –Vote. –Hold office. –Serve on a jury. Husbands were allowed to beat their wives. Husbands were allowed to beat their wives.

23. OwlTeacher.com Women’s Duties Cooking Cooking Gardening Gardening Washing Washing Cleaning Cleaning Weaving cloth Weaving cloth Sewing Sewing Assisting other women in childbirth Assisting other women in childbirth Training daughters to do all of the above Training daughters to do all of the above

24. OwlTeacher.com The goal of the colonial household was to be self-sufficient. The goal of the colonial household was to be self-sufficient. Self-sufficient — able to make everything needed to maintain itself Self-sufficient — able to make everything needed to maintain itself The Nature of Work

25. OwlTeacher.com Everyone in the household worked to produce food and goods. Everyone in the household worked to produce food and goods. Men grew crops, or made goods like shoes, guns, and candles. Men grew crops, or made goods like shoes, guns, and candles. Women ran the household and assisted with the crops. Women ran the household and assisted with the crops. Children helped both parents. Children helped both parents.

26. OwlTeacher.com Colonial Education During colonial times, children received very little formal education. During colonial times, children received very little formal education. Because Puritans believed everyone should be able to read the Bible, the New England Colonies became early leaders in the development of public education. Because Puritans believed everyone should be able to read the Bible, the New England Colonies became early leaders in the development of public education.

27. OwlTeacher.com In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring towns to set up grammar schools for boys. In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring towns to set up grammar schools for boys. Girls were expected to learn from their mothers at home. Girls were expected to learn from their mothers at home. Generally, only the wealthy attended college, where they trained to be lawyers or ministers. Generally, only the wealthy attended college, where they trained to be lawyers or ministers. Harvard, Yale, and William and Mary were the only three colleges in the colonies until the 1740s. Harvard, Yale, and William and Mary were the only three colleges in the colonies until the 1740s.

28. OwlTeacher.com The Middle Passage The Middle Passage was one leg of the triangular trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa. The Middle Passage was one leg of the triangular trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa. This term also refers to the forced transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas. This term also refers to the forced transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas.

29. OwlTeacher.com Roughly 10 to 40 percent of Africans on slave trips died in the crossing. Roughly 10 to 40 percent of Africans on slave trips died in the crossing. Slaves were beaten and had to endure chains; heat; and cramped, unsanitary conditions. Slaves were beaten and had to endure chains; heat; and cramped, unsanitary conditions. Occasionally enslaved Africans staged a mutiny, or revolt, on the slave ships. Occasionally enslaved Africans staged a mutiny, or revolt, on the slave ships. Many of these were successful. Many of these were successful.

30. OwlTeacher.com Slavery in the Colonies South Carolina and Georgia High temperatures and disease made slave conditions especially harsh in this region. High temperatures and disease made slave conditions especially harsh in this region. African Americans made up the majority of the population in South Carolina and more than one third of Georgia ’ s population. African Americans made up the majority of the population in South Carolina and more than one third of Georgia ’ s population. Southern slaves kept their culture alive through their speech, crafts, and music. Southern slaves kept their culture alive through their speech, crafts, and music.

31. OwlTeacher.com Slavery in the Colonies Virginia and Maryland Slaves in Virginia and Maryland made up a minority of the population. Slaves in Virginia and Maryland made up a minority of the population. Few of those slaves came directly from Africa. Few of those slaves came directly from Africa. Slaves had other tasks in addition to growing crops. Slaves had other tasks in addition to growing crops. There was more integration of European American and African American cultures than in South Carolina and Georgia. There was more integration of European American and African American cultures than in South Carolina and Georgia. To save money, slave-owners encouraged slaves to have families. To save money, slave-owners encouraged slaves to have families.

32. OwlTeacher.com Slavery in the Colonies New England and the Middle Colonies There were far fewer slaves in New England and the Middle Colonies than in the South. There were far fewer slaves in New England and the Middle Colonies than in the South. Slaves had more freedom to choose their occupations. Slaves had more freedom to choose their occupations. Slaves in this region typically worked as cooks, housekeepers, and personal servants. Slaves in this region typically worked as cooks, housekeepers, and personal servants. They also worked as skilled artisans, dockworkers, merchant sailors, fishermen, whalers, privateers, lumberjacks, and in manufacturing. They also worked as skilled artisans, dockworkers, merchant sailors, fishermen, whalers, privateers, lumberjacks, and in manufacturing.

33. OwlTeacher.com Estimated African American Population, 1690–1750 Year New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies 16909502,47213,307 17001,6803,66122,476 17102,5856,21836,063 17203,95610,82554,058 17306,11811,68373,220 17408,54116,452125,031 175010,98220,736204,702 SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

34. OwlTeacher.com Slaves that earned money as artisans or laborers had the possibility of saving enough to purchase their freedom. Slaves that earned money as artisans or laborers had the possibility of saving enough to purchase their freedom. Free African Americans did the same kind of work as enslaved African Americans, but were often worse off economically and socially. Free African Americans did the same kind of work as enslaved African Americans, but were often worse off economically and socially. Free Blacks

35. OwlTeacher.com Free blacks faced poorer living conditions and more discrimination than slaves who were identified with specific white households. Free blacks faced poorer living conditions and more discrimination than slaves who were identified with specific white households. Free blacks could not vote, testify in court, or marry whites. Free blacks could not vote, testify in court, or marry whites.

36. OwlTeacher.com Laws and Revolts Laws Slaves could not go aboard ships or ferries, or leave the town limits without a written pass. Slaves could not go aboard ships or ferries, or leave the town limits without a written pass. Slaves could be accused of crimes ranging from owning hogs or carrying canes to disturbing the peace or striking a white person. Slaves could be accused of crimes ranging from owning hogs or carrying canes to disturbing the peace or striking a white person. Punishments included whipping, banishment to the West Indies, and death. Punishments included whipping, banishment to the West Indies, and death.

37. OwlTeacher.com Laws and Revolts Revolts In the Stono Rebellion, several dozen slaves in South Carolina killed more than 20 whites. In the Stono Rebellion, several dozen slaves in South Carolina killed more than 20 whites. The rebels were captured and killed. The rebels were captured and killed. New York City had slave rebellions in 1708, 1712, and 1741. New York City had slave rebellions in 1708, 1712, and 1741. After the 1741 revolt, 13 African Americans were burned alive as punishment. After the 1741 revolt, 13 African Americans were burned alive as punishment. African Americans undertook almost 50 documented revolts between 1740 and 1800. African Americans undertook almost 50 documented revolts between 1740 and 1800.

38. OwlTeacher.com Western Expansion In the mid-1700s, the colonial population was increasing rapidly, nearly doubling every 25 years. In the mid-1700s, the colonial population was increasing rapidly, nearly doubling every 25 years. Birth rates were rising. Birth rates were rising.

39. OwlTeacher.com Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany, and other countries were settling in colonial America. Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany, and other countries were settling in colonial America. As the population grew, settlers pushed west in search of more land. As the population grew, settlers pushed west in search of more land. These settlers were part of a migration, or movement, in search of land on which they could build independent lives and maintain their households. These settlers were part of a migration, or movement, in search of land on which they could build independent lives and maintain their households. Immigrants — people who enter a new country to settle Immigrants — people who enter a new country to settle

40. OwlTeacher.com Native American and French Reaction Native American Response As white settlers migrated into Indian territory, the Indians were forced to relocate into lands already occupied by other Native American groups. As white settlers migrated into Indian territory, the Indians were forced to relocate into lands already occupied by other Native American groups. The Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Choctaws put up a powerful struggle to block westward colonial expansion. The Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Choctaws put up a powerful struggle to block westward colonial expansion.

41. OwlTeacher.com Native American and French Reaction French Actions In 1752, the French built Fort Presque Isle in Pennsylvania and attacked and killed the men defending an English trading post in the Ohio Valley. In 1752, the French built Fort Presque Isle in Pennsylvania and attacked and killed the men defending an English trading post in the Ohio Valley. By the early 1750s, it became clear that Pennsylvania would become the setting for a struggle between the colonists, Native Americans, and the French. By the early 1750s, it became clear that Pennsylvania would become the setting for a struggle between the colonists, Native Americans, and the French.

42. OwlTeacher.com Religious Tensions The British colonies were primarily Protestant. The British colonies were primarily Protestant. –Southern planters, northern merchants, and northern professionals tended to belong to the Church of England. –Most New Englanders were either Congregationalists or Presbyterians. –Quakers, Lutherans, and Mennonites were common in Pennsylvania. –The Dutch Reformed Church thrived in the colonies of New York and New Jersey.

43. OwlTeacher.com The Great Awakening The Great Awakening refers to a revival of religious feeling that began in the early 1700s. The Great Awakening refers to a revival of religious feeling that began in the early 1700s. These revivals were designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment. These revivals were designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment. Jonathan Edwards — Edwards, a Massachusetts minister, is believed to have started the Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards — Edwards, a Massachusetts minister, is believed to have started the Great Awakening. His success inspired other ministers to increase their efforts to energize their followers. His success inspired other ministers to increase their efforts to energize their followers.

44. OwlTeacher.com The Great Awakening George Whitefield — Whitefield was an itinerant, or traveling, preacher who toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770. George Whitefield — Whitefield was an itinerant, or traveling, preacher who toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770. These ministers preached that any Christian could have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. These ministers preached that any Christian could have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. They stated that faith and sincerity, rather than wealth and education, were the major requirements needed to understand the Gospel. They stated that faith and sincerity, rather than wealth and education, were the major requirements needed to understand the Gospel.

45. OwlTeacher.com Revivals caused several churches to break apart. While some embraced the new emotionalism, others rejected it. Revivals caused several churches to break apart. While some embraced the new emotionalism, others rejected it. Churches Reorganize In the South, both the Baptist and the Methodist churches drew many followers through their powerful, emotional ceremonies and their celebration of ordinary people. In the South, both the Baptist and the Methodist churches drew many followers through their powerful, emotional ceremonies and their celebration of ordinary people. In the 1740s and 1750s, many New Englanders converted to the Baptist faith. In the 1740s and 1750s, many New Englanders converted to the Baptist faith.

46. OwlTeacher.com Some of the splinter groups were more tolerant of dissent than the organizations from which they split. Some of the splinter groups were more tolerant of dissent than the organizations from which they split. Dissent — difference of opinion Dissent — difference of opinion