1. The Industrial Revolution

2. A Major Change industrial agrarian machine-made goods handmade goods
rural
industrial
machine-made goods
urban

3. Revolutionary Changes in…
patterns of work
social class structure
standard of living
int’l. balance of power

4. Where? When? What?
Britain 1780s textiles

5. Timeline – Events around IR
1850
1780s
1815
1790
Agricultural Revolution
Growth of Atlantic economy
1700
1720
Pop. Boom
Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
IR Begins
1650

6. Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living  after 1850
1815
1820s
1830
1850
Labor Movement/Legislation
IR reaches the Continent

7.  $ to buy manufactured goods
Why Britain?
large market (domestic & colonial)
rivers & canals – easy transport
natural resources – iron & coal
large labor force
agricultural revolution
 food
food $ 
 $ to buy manufactured goods

9. Canals

10. Why Britain? strong central bank well-developed credit markets
stable government
laissez-faire economy
no domestic tariffs

11. Textile Industry 1st!
cottage industry could not meet growing demand
spinning & weaving inventions
textile factories
Cottage industry – working as a family unit out of the home to produce a good/product

12. New Raw Material: Cotton
Goods much cheaper – available and purchased by a larger number of citizens

13. Textile Industry – Spinning
James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765)
Simple, inexpensive, powered by hand
6-24 spindles; hand-powered

14. Textile Industry – Spinning
Richard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770)
Required large specialized mills
100s of spindles; water-powered  factories

15. Textile Industry – Spinning
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779)
factories

16. Textile Industry – Weaving
Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)

17. FACTORY: Water Frame Spinning Mule Power Loom
- A large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.

18. Consequences of Δs in Textile Industry
cheaper cotton goods
weavers’ wages 
lots of yarn =  demand
poor factory working conditions
child labor
industrial dominance
1831 – 22% of GB’s industrial production

19. The Energy Problem
pre-industrial sources (human & animal) = not enough power
shortage of WOOD
due to Ag. Rev. (forests into fields)
important for heat & iron-making

20. The Energy Solution STEAM ENGINE Thomas Savery (1698)
Thomas Newcomen (1705)
**JAMES WATT (1769)**
Watt’s Engine
Raw material: COAL

21. THOMAS SAVERY
Savery’s Steam Engine

22. Importance of the Steam Engine
The steam engine was “the Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology. For the first time in history, humanity had … almost unlimited power at its disposal.” (McKay 731)
Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads

23. Iron Industry Boom steam engine  coke
Henry Cort’s puddling furnace (1780s)
“Iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the economy.” (McKay 732)
Puddlers at work

24. George Stephenson – Rocket (1830)
Railroads
George Stephenson – Rocket (1830)
16 mph!!!

25. Railroads Factors enabling RRs: iron  strong rails
steam engine  locomotive

26. Consequences of the Railroad
↓ shipping cost & uncertainty
larger markets  larger factories  cheaper goods
expanded labor market
change in social values: new obsession with power & speed

27. Shorter Journeys

28. GEORGE STEPHENSON
1821: began work on the worlds first railroad line; opened in 1825.
used 4 locomotives designed by himself.
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad:
- First major railway in England.
Inaugural Opening of Liverpool-Manchester Railroad.

29. “The Great Land Serpent”

30. Monet’s Gare St. Lazare (1877)

31. Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)

32. Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851
Celebrating Britain’s industrial dominance, in London.

33. Crystal Palace – Interior Exhibits

34. Britain: “Workshop of the World”
Produced:
2/3 of the world’s coal
½ of the world’s iron and cotton
20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860
(vs. 2% in 1750)
Huge growth, :
GNP x4
pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)

35. THE IR IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

36. Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
1913 GB 10 16 25 64 87
100
115
Belgium 9 14 28 43 56 88 US 4 21 38 69
126
France 12 20 39 59
Germany 8 15 52 85
A-H 7 11 23 32
Italy 17 26
Russia 6
China 3
India 2 1
Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year.

37. Data Analysis 1750 – all countries close together
by 1800 – GB gained big lead
nat’l. variations in timing & extent
Belgium 1st
Western nations (+ Japan)  industrial levels vs. non-Western nations 

38. Why did the Continent lag until 1815?
Battle of Waterloo

39. The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES ADVANTAGES GB goods already dominant
tech. too complicated
pricey to invest
factory labor shortage
strong tradition of cottage industry
people: merchant capitalist class + urban artisans
borrow existing tech.
strong independent gov’ts.

40. Agents of Continental Industrialization
skilled workers
entrepreneurs
governments
protective tariffs
funded RRs
banks
limited liability
Crédit Mobilier

41. Economic Nationalism
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841)
anti-free trade
pro-protective tariff
“An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members.”

42. The “Second Industrial Revolution” (1860-1914)
steel
chemicals
oil
electricity
planes, cars, subs
telephone, telegraph
movies, radio

43. Industry & Population

44. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

45. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

46. Women Middle class v. poor Low-paying, dead-end jobs
Factory discipline v. child care
Urban poverty
Lack of supervision of youth

47. Worker Rights Luddites Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842
Robert Owen & Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions
Chartist Movement