2. The Political Institutions of Communism The USSR and the Peoples Republic of China

3. The Political Institutions of Communism The USSR and The Peoples Republic of China

4. Structures

5. 1922 politburo LENIN P.M. KAMENEV MOSCOW TROTSKY in a sulk STALIN GEN SEC ZINOVIEV PETROGRAD RYKOV DEPUTY P.M. TOMSKY Trade Unions

6. PRESIDIUM post-STALIN MALENKOV Chair. C. of M. Beria Min Internal Affairs Molotov Min For. Aff Voroshilov Head of State Khrushchev Party Secretary Bulganin MoD Kaganovich Dep CofM 3 other ministers

7. 1957 PRESIDIUM KHRUSHCHEV 8 PARTY SEC. USSR P.M. and Dep. P.M. RUSSIA P.M. H o S KAZAKHSTAN Ukraine CENTRAL CONTROL COMMISSION

8. Interests/Lobbies Military Heavy industry [“steeleaters”] Republics Party machine [apparatchiki] East Europe China non-ruling parties

9. Weak interests/lobbies Agriculture consumer/service industries intelligentsia diplomats broad party membership police? Navy pre-62

10. 1966 Politburo Brezhnev Gen Sec Kosygin PM Podgorny HoS 3 CC secs [inc Suslov] party control Ukraine Russia

11. Brezhnev’s legacy Gerontocracy Stagnation Corruption Over investment in Armed forces Russian feeling that they were subsidising everyone else

12. Gorbachov Why couldn’t Soviet Communism be reformed? Glasnost’ Perestroika Nationalities Is it possible to reform a political system before reforming the economy? If not us, who? If not now, when? Clash with Yeltsin

13. Soviet v “other” Communist systems USSR a system founded on suspicion of the public. East Europe founded by Red Army China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, Cuba all came into being after guerilla war Cant win a guerilla war without winning over public Less coercion, more willingness to listen.

14. Structures

15. Chinese institutions

16. Standing Committee of Politburo 2003 Hu Jintao General Secretary and President Wu Bangguo Chair,NPC SC Wen Jiabao Prime Minister Jia Qinglin Chair CPPCC Zeng Qinghong Vice-President and Secretary Huang Ju Vice-Premier Wu Guangzheng Sec, Committee for Disc. Insp. Li Changchun ideology and propaganda Luo Gan legislative responsibilities