2. Why could no-one reform Communism? The failure of Marxism-Leninism?

3. Objectives of Lesson Module trying to analyse transition to democracy Was communism as a political system driven by Marxism or Russian and Central European Traditions and social structures? How much did communism change? What will democratisation have to adapt to?

4. Stalinism Collectivisation of agriculture centrally planned state owned economy coercion/terror single vanguard party policy by ideology

5. Structures

6. PRESIDIUM post-STALIN MALENKOV Ch. C. of M. Beria Min Internal Affairs Molotov Min For. Aff Voroshilov H of S Khrushchev Party Sec Bulganin MoD Kaganovich Dep CofM 3 other ministers

7. Cost benefit analysis of Stalin Strong sesnse of identity Education for all social mobility industrialisation strong military won WWII Deaths Imprisonments Intellectual stifling Agricultural bottleneck Overcentralised Consumers? Ethnic minorities

8. 1957 PRESIDIUM KHRUSHCHEV 8 PARTY SEC. USSR P.M. and Dep. P.M. RUSSIA P.M. H o S KAZAKHSTAN CENTRAL CONTROL COMMISSION

9. What was Khrushchev trying to do? Remove agricultural bottleneck machinery to farms; but mechanics left Normalise peasants as citizens invest; but at who’s expense? Foreign policy as bluff communism by 1980 self-administration drive

10. Interests/Lobbies Military Heavy industry [“steeleaters”] Republics Party machine [apparatchiki] East Europe China non-ruling parties

11. Weak interests/lobbies Agriculture consumer/service industries intelligentsia diplomats broad party membership police? Navy pre-62

12. 1966 Politburo Brezhnev Gen Sec Kosygin PM Podgorny HoS 3 CC secs [inc Suslov] party control Ukraine Russia

13. Attempts at reform Khrushchev 1957 sovnarkhozy Kosygin 1966 “profitability” Hungary 1956 revolt Hungary post-56 New Econ Mechanism Poland 1956 Gomulka Poland 1970 Gierek and “Polski Fiat” Czechoslovakia 1968 Poland and Solidarity

14. Why couldn’t USSR let reform happen? Security concerns competition with China ideological legitimacy economic interdependence -who gained more? Manufactured goods for cheap energy. Brezhnev doctrine Stupidity

15. Brezhnev crisis Stagnation Gerontocracy Corruption Demography Waste of foreign currency Agricultural disaster Overemployment Irrational prices

16. Why did Gorbachov fail? Tried to carry out polit reform before econ. Nationalities problem democratising factories irrelevant didn’t appoint cronies tried to reform from below, not above Too much glasnost, not enough perestroika couldn’t abolish party privilege

17. Was communism reformable? China Yugoslavia Vietnam was it communism or Russia that was the problem Authoritarianism very successful in S.E.Asia

18. What would reformed communism have looked like? Single party plus market economy “guided democracy” [prob. Gorby’s aim] Revisionist vision Eurocommunist vision if it’s multi-party can it be communist? Don’t confuse Stalinism with communism