1. What kind of boundaries do you see?

2. Function/Purpose Keeping People IN Keeping People OUT Mark limits of jurisdiction – symbol of SOVEREIGNTY Promotes nationalism

3. The partition of India left both India and Pakistan devastated. The process of partition had claimed many lives in the riots. Why was India partitioned this way by the British?

5. Korea and Vietnam

6. Types of Boundaries  Three types of boundaries Geometric Physical Cultural  Best boundaries are those to which all affected states agree, regardless of the rationale used to draw the line  Geometric  Straight-line boundaries that do not related to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved  Ex. North/South Korea 38 th parallel  Physical (or natural) Physical (or natural)  Separate territories according to natural features in the landscape, such as mountains, deserts, or rivers  Ex. France and Spain are divided by the Pyrenees

7. What types of boundaries do you see?

8. Types of Boundaries Cultural Boundaries – Mark changes in the cultural landscape, such as boundaries that divide territories according to religion or language – Sometimes drawn according to geometric straight lines – Religious Only a few cases where religion has been used to select the actual boundary line Example: – South Asia, partition of India and Pakistan India and Pakistan – Ireland and North Ireland – Language Europe best example Idea spread during 20 th century – Versailles Conference

10. Cyprus “Green Line” Boundary Contains two nationalities – Turkish= north, eastern 18% of population – Greek= south 78% of population Cyprus gained independence in 1960 – Constitution guaranteed Turkish minority rights – Cyprus never peacefully integrated the Greek and Turkish nationalities Series of Coups led to Turkish section declaring itself independent in 1983 – no one except Turkey recognizes independence Wall constructed between two areas – Buffer zone patrolled by UN – Accepted to EU in 2004

11. Boundary Evolution Evolution – Another way to classify boundaries depends not on how they were created, but how they evolved over time Antecedent boundaries – Existed before humans cultures developed into current forms Subsequent boundaries – Grow to divide space as result of human interaction Superimposed boundaries – Forcibly put on the landscape Relict boundary – No longer functions as a boundary Boundary Creation – Several steps on the growth of boundaries into final form Definition – Phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated » De Jure » De Facto Delimitation – Is the step when the boundary’s definition is drawn onto a map Demarcation – Is the visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence, line, sign, wall, or other means Administration – Is the enforcement by a government or people of the boundary that has been created

13. Boundary disputes Conflicts over boundaries are divided into different categories – Can include mix of categories Type of Disputes – at end Type of Disputes – Territorial Disputes Conflict because one state wants to annex a territory whose pop. is ethnically related to them – Definitional disputes Fight over the language of border agreement in a treaty or contract – Japan and Russia – Locational /Positional disputes Occur when conflicting parties agree on the definition but not on where the boundary exists on a map – Operational /Functional disputes Conflicts over the way a boundary should operate or function – Allocational /Resource boundary disputes Fights over resources that may be divided by the boundary

14. Frontiers Frontier:  Region where no state exercises complete and political control or boundaries are weakly developed  Antarctica  Saudi Arabia and Yemen – Tangible geographic area whereas a boundary is a infinitely thin, invisible, imaginary line – Frontier provides an area of separation but a boundary brings two neighbors into direct contact A frontier area is uninhabited or sparsely settled by a few isolated pioneers 19 th Century (1800s) – Vast amounts of frontiers Australia American West Canadian North Sub-Saharan Africa

15. Vice episodes #2 April 12, 2013 – North Korea/KashmirNorth Korea/Kashmir