1. The Turkish & Mongol Empires

2. Introduction  Turkish & Mongol invasions perhaps the most important to world history in the period 1000-1500  Extended up to the very periphery of Eurasia  Redefined the relationship of nomadic to "civilized" people  made definitions more difficult for historians  previously the civilizations had unified lands of the nomads  now, however, the nomadic groups - both Turk and Mongol - unified "civilized" lands under their control  These invasions from steppe of central Asia were part of a long pattern dating back to Attila

3. Nomads Nomadic Herders Mostly Turkish, some Mongol Organised into autonomous clans & tribes Lived primarily off animal products –Meat, hide, milk, alcohol –Some light manufacturing & farming Few permanent settlements –Herds animals along established routes Prominent along trade routes 2 major classes –Nobles & commoners –Very dynamic system Mongol ger (yurt)

4. *Seljuk Turks Came into ME from Aral Sea (970)  Defeated Abbasid Empire --  Tughril Beg "sultan" of Islamic empire (1055)  Abbasid Caliph retained  pushed into West Asia  Constantinople  Defeated Byzantium in 1071 at Manzikert  Created sultanate of Rum w/Nicaea as capital  continued to fight with the Crusaders for Jerusalem  Assimilated local culture & traditions  Similar to the Mongols  Defeated by Mongols in 13th century

5. *Ghazni Turks  Came to India in search of wealth  Spread from Aral Sea into India Introduced militantly strong Islam throughout India  used force as well as education –  Hinduism seen as sinful  polytheistic and had pictures of the gods  conflict also between caste based Hindu society and egalitarian Muslim society  Established basis for problems of modern India and Pakistan  Hindu and Muslims tension Mahmud the Ghazni

6. Indian Turks (cont.)  Mahmud "the image breaker“ (997-1030)  most famous of Turks in India  Sought to change India into a Muslim state  Expand the Dar al Salaam  Destroyed Hindu statues, paintings  India helpless to Turkish onslaught  only one warrior class  rest converted to Islam  or relied on karma, dharma, and reincarnation  Conquest extended south to Delhi  India  Turkish sultanate Tomb of Mahmud -- note absence of images

7. Largest contiguous empire in history extended from  Caspian Sea to Pacific Ocean;  North into Russia, Siberia, & Korea  South into Persia & Burma The Mongol World Empire: China & The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

8. Mongol -- Pastoral nomads Mongolia, N. China Political/Social system Kinship groups = clans Clans formed tribes Tribal chiefs elected from clan nobles Tribal chiefs elect Khan Tribes politically divided trade & war w/ other tribes & neighbors (esp. China) Genghis Khan: -founder of the Mongol Empire -able to unite all the tribes -elected as Great Khan “If you want to retain your possessions and conquer your enemies, you must make your subjects submit willingly and unite your diverse energies to a single end.” Genghis Khan Rise of the Mongol Empire 1206-1271

9. Small, mobile force (  150,000 Mongol warrioirs) Expert horsemen & Bowmen Spent weeks in the saddle Could travel +100miles/day Well disciplined & organised Used ‘Shock warfare” Fast, mobile & brutal attacks Offered chance for surrender Used terror as a weapon Rumour of brutality allowed to spread ahead of Mongol army Often meant cities would surrender the moment they saw the Mongols coming Allowed conquered people to join military Helped defeat larger armies Mongol Archer Military

10. Genghis divided empire among four sons Each region eventually became independent Mongol rulers in Chagatai & Ikhanate adopt customs, traditions of their region Golden Horde & Great Khanate did not Secured Silk Road --  trade during Mongol era Ikhanate (Persia & E. Turkey Founded by Hülegü) Golden Horde (Russia – Cossacks) Chagatai (Kazakhstan, etc) Great Khanate (China, Mongolia, Korea) *Division of the Mongol Empire

11. Kublai Khan Mongols conquer Beijing (1227) Kublai,  Great Khan in 1260 grandson of Genghis Reunifies Mongol Empire moves capital to Beijing Expands Grand Canal 1271 adopts “Yuan” dynastic name conquers the southern Sung in 1279 Mongol Rule in China

12.  adopts custom of hereditary succession  rebuilds Beijing as walled city  Adopts Chinese forms of govt. and taxation  Chinese citizens segregated from c.400,000 Mongols in China  military service reserved for Mongols only  military officers most important positions  civil administration highly centralized  Relied on non-Chinese to run bureaucracy Walls surrounding Beijing Government & Society under Kublai Khan

13. Categories: level one = Mongols -top military & civil posts level two = Persians,Turks, some Europeans -filled high civil posts level three = northern Chinese level four = southern Chinese Chinese officials directly controlled Chinese Citizenry & the Mongols controlled Chinese officials. Eventually, Discrimination of Chinese leads southern Song regroup & challenge Mongol rule Kublai Khan w/Mongol Warriors *Societal Divisions

14. Mongols made extensive use of foreignors Guillame Bougher (William of Paris) silversmith Matteo Ricci -- explorer & priest Uighur Turks - gov’t administrators adopt Uighur writing as basis for Mongol writing Rabban Sauma-Nestorian monk sent by Ilkhan (Persia) as envoy to Italy & France to invite Europeans to fight against Turkish Muslims Marco Polo -- Venetian Merchant served Kublai Khan (1275-1292) influenced future traders & explorers brought knowledge of China to Europe diffusion of Asian cultures, technology & ideas Pope sends envoy to ask Khan’s help against Muslims in Holy lands Khan suggests Rome become Mongol tribute state *Foreign Influence Marco Polo

15. Mongols very tolerant of other religions & beliefs Traditional religion relied heavily on Shaman & diviners Christianity spread from Persia to central Asia & China Kublai Khan’s favorite wife- Nestorian Christian papal missions sent from Rome-rebuffed by Khan threatens to make Rome tributary state Tibetan & Chinese Buddhism expand Promoted Buddhism, but tolerant of other faiths Later Yuan emperors adopt Tibetan Budddhism (Lama) Islam flourished most established in central & western Asia Built mosques t/o Mongol Asia MosqueCathedral Buddhist Temple *Religion

16.  Dynasty collapses in 1368  Rebellion, esp. in S. China  Plague in S. China --  pop. &  labour  Forced relocation of peasants to areas hit hardest by plague  resentment  Spread to C. Asia, ME & Europe via trade routes  “The Black Death” kills ¼ of pop. in W. Europe & China Mongols fighting Japanese Samurai *Decline of Yuan Dynasty

17.  Mongol Khanates separated by religion, culture, & distance  govt. officials  corrupt  economy   Warlords control respective regions  Mongol influence in China quickly disappeared Mongol siege of Baghdad Decline of Yuan Dynasty (cont.)

18. *Legacy of Mongol Rule  Collapse of Mongol in Persia  rise of Timur (Tamerlane) & Timurid rule in Persia, Bactria & India  Mongols in Chagatai & Ikhanate assimilate local culture  Golden Horde continues into 16th century  Defeated by unified princes of Kiev  trade  Diffusion across two continents  Unified resistance against Mongols  Renewed European interest  science, literature, medicine, math  The Black Death Timur & the siege of Bhatnair