1. INDIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN
THE POST-CLASSICAL WORLDS OF SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA

2. THE MONSOON WORLD The monsoons (rains in spring and summer)
Irrigation systems were needed for dry months
No big river in south India
Waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells
Stored rain in large reservoirs connected to canals
One reservoir of the eleventh century covered 250 square miles
Population growth
53 million in 600 C.E.
105 million in 1500 C.E.
Urbanization
New capital: Delhi
Large port cities

3. NORTHERN INDIA North India after the Guptas Harsha
India reverted to regional states
Constant tension and warfare among states
Nomadic Huns absorbed into Indian society
Harsha
Reigned C.E.
Great general and good administrator
United region becoming emperor at 16
Great patron of Buddhist religion, literature but supported all faiths
An extensive writer whose reign was heavily documented by Chinese
Introduction of Islam to northern India
The Sind were conquered by Arab Muslims in 711 (Umayyad period)
Muslim merchants formed communities in major cities of coastal India
Turkish migrants and Islam
Most Turks convert to Islam in tenth century
Mahmud of Ghazn
Turkish leader in Afghanistan, established a Muslim state there
Made expeditions to northern India

4. SULTANATE OF DELHI The Sultanate of Delhi Its Creation Economics
Existed C.E.
Numerous Turkish, Afghan Dynasties
Its Creation
Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206
Called a Mameluk Sultanate as Turkish slaves formed aristocracy
Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi
Nominally under Caliph’s authority but realistically independent
Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi
Generally tolerated non-Muslims as dhimmi if paid the head (jizya) tax
Economics
Introduced Monetary System at the province and district level
Built market centers in provinces to facilitate trade
Taxation on agriculture important
Introduced new crops and dug wells to increase production
Decline
Mongols and later Timur the Lame invaded, weakened
Fell to Mughals in 1520s

5. SULTANATE OF DELHI: MUSLIMS IN INDIA

6. SOUTHERN INDIA The Chola kingdom
Mentioned 3rd c. BCE, C.E.
Politically divided but relatively peaceful
Was a larger kingdom; ruled Coromandel coast
At high point, conquered Ceylon, parts of southeast Asia
Dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea
Not a tightly centralized state: local autonomy was strong
Strongly commercial and great prosperity
Patronized Tamil Literature, Hinduism, temple building
The kingdom of Vijayanagar ( C.E.)
Arose as a federation of states to impose Muslim invasions
Strong administration with bureaucracy, secretariat, scribes, local feudal lords
Caste system rigidly followed but all castes could participate in government
Army was feudal but had an elite component under king including artillery
Strong supporter of trade, commerce but agriculture critical
Strong supporter of Hinduism, art, architecture, literature

7. CHOLA EMPIRE

8. VIJAYANAGAR

9. TRADE, DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN INDIA
Internal trade
Self-sufficient in staple food
Agriculture formed basis of strong economy
Rare metals, spices, special crops
South India, Ceylon experienced economic growth
Temples and society in south India
Hindu temples served as economic, social centers
Possessed large tracts of land
Hundreds of employees
Temple administrators maintain order, deliver taxes
Served as banks; engaged in business ventures

10. TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Ships Involved in Trade
Dwows – Arabic in origin
Junks – Chinese in origin
Indian port cities
Called emporia
Were clearinghouses of trade, cosmopolitan centers
Indians, Arabs, Chinese divided region into zones
One ethnic group controlled trade in each region
Exchanged goods at emporia, entrepot cities for other regional goods
Trade goods
Silk and porcelain from China
Spices from southeast Asia
Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India
Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia
Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa
Rice, wood were only staple goods traded
Specialized production
Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived
Sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel

11. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE CLOTH YARN SILKS INDIGO PEPPER GEMS ANIMALS DRUGS
SILVER
LACQUER
SILK
PORCELAIN
SUGAR
LUXERIES
TEA
COFFEE
SLAVES
IVORY
HORSES
SILKS
GOLD
STEEL
SPICES
TIMBER
RICE
MEDICINES

12. DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUISM
Religious geography in India
Hinduism predominated in southern India (Deccan)
Islam in the north (Ganges-Indus River Plain)
Buddhism in Ceylon, foothills of the Eastern Himalayas
Tribal religions in the hills of Eastern India
Caste helped to integrate immigrants into Indian society
Caste and social change: guilds and subcastes (jatis)
Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India, Southeast Asia
Vishnu and Shiva (Brahma)
Decline of Buddhism benefited Hinduism
Development of Trimurti
Devotional cults
Achieve mystic union with gods as way of salvation
Most popular were devotion to Vishnu and Shiva
Shankara
Philosopher (ninth century)
Preferred disciplined logical reasoning
Ramanuja
Philosopher (eleventh and twelfth centuries)
Devotion more important than understand reality

13. ISLAM IN SOUTH ASIA Conversion to Islam occurred in slow, gradual way
Some converted for improving their lower social statuses
Often an entire caste or subcaste adopted Islam en masse
By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population)
Sufis
Most effective missionaries, devotional approach to Islam
Followers observed old rituals, venerate old spirits
Emphasized piety and devotion
The bhakti movement
No distinction between Hinduism, Islam
Taught universal love, devotion
Guru Kabir ( )
Important bhakti teacher
Shiva, Vishnu, Allah were one deity
Gave rise to Sikhism

14. S.E. ASIAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

15. ETHNIC MAP SOUTHEAST ASIA

16. AGRICULTURE IN S.E. ASIA

17. EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIA Indian influence in southeast Asia
Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia
Hinduism and Buddhism established first
Islam began to arrive with merchants, Sufis after 1000 CE
Ruling elites of southeast Asia
Adapted some Indian political traditions
Ruling patterns
Uses Indians as bureaucrats
The states sponsored Hinduism and later Buddhism
Showed no interest in Indian caste system
Funan (first to sixth century C.E.)
In lower Mekong River (Cambodia/Vietnam)
Semi-feudal government
Much local autonomy
Drew enormous wealth by controlling trade
Adopted mercantilism as state philosophy
Established commercial monopolies
Adopted Sanskrit as official language
Decline of Funan in sixth century

18. POST-CLASSICAL S.E. ASIA
Srivijaya ( C.E.)
Established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan
Maintained sea trade between China, India by navy
Relied heavily on taxation, regulation of trade
Angkor ( C.E.)
Kingdom built by Khmers (Cambodians)
Two capitals Angkor Thom (Buddhism), Angkor Wat (Hinduism)
The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order
Famous for architecture and water technologies
Immense wealth built on agriculture, rice surpluses
Centralized rule only near capital, feudal in farthest reaches
Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth, thirteenth centuries
Originally Mahayana Buddhist
Later Theravada introduced from Sri Lanka
Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned it

19. SRIVIJAVA: Hindu and Buddhist Blends

20. KHMER EMPIRE

21. ANGKOR WAT

22. ARRIVAL OF ISLAM Muslim merchants arrived in Sumatra
Converted ruling elites in Aceh
Many benefits of working with merchants
Established strong contacts to India
Conversion to Islam was slow and quiet
Conversion restricted to cities
Rural residents retained their traditions
Islam was not an exclusive faith in southeast Asia
Sufis appealed to a large public in these countries
Strong syncretism and retention of Hinduism, animism elements
Insistence on strict Islam was ignored, resisted
Melaka was first powerful Islamic state
On Straits of Melacca
Power based on controlling trade in 15th century
Destroyed by Portuguese