1. Morphology I Linguistics 101 Gareth Price Duke University

2. Morphology Morph + ology Morphe = shape/form Ology = study, science of Study of the formation (v, n) of words?

3. How many words in the English language? Accidental gaps: words which follow the phonological rules of a language, but which don’t actually exist How many words do you know? Not easy to answer – linguists rarely agree. College educated: 10,000 to 60,000 Why is it difficult to know? Mental lexicon

4. plinkling grimoulously klints twongier pendy thrustling stangliness centomer splimly centome stribble plinkleable decentome plinkler stribbling klintish liggeted pendierr pentful glosselstrop thrustle stromp grimulous acturously ponymous brimney stang parples stribbled klint unplinkleableness twength parple sloke pendiest fustered twong restribble sloken klintly acturous stangs strissed twongest liggets

5. Word Classes Lexical Words – Nouns / Adjectives / Verbs / Adverbs ‘Open class’ Semantic content Easily added to and modified Most words are lexical words Function Words – Determiners (a, the, an) – Pronouns (I, you, she, his, theirs) – Conjunctions (and, but) – Prepositions (to, in, without, for) – Intensifiers (very, too) – Auxiliary/Modal verbs (must, may, will) ‘Closed class’ Grammatical content Tend not to be easily changed or added to

6. Morphemes Smallest unit of words which have: semantic content (meaning) grammaticality (function) un (semantic) + build (semantic) magic (semantic) + ician (grammaticality) cat (semantic) + s (grammaticality) cat = four legged, furry, feline s = plural

7. Morphemes OneTwoThreeMore than three a and dogdog-s writewrite-r pleasepleas-ing redred-der doun-doun-do-ableun-do-able-ness calibercalibr-atere-calibr-atere-calibr-at-ion Words with one morpheme: simple “ two or more morphemes: complex

8. Free vs. Bound Morphemes birds  bird / *-s undo  do / *un- Hare (Athapaskan) *fi ‘head’  sefi ‘my head’ *be ‘belly’  nebe ‘your belly’ *dze ‘heart’  ?edze ‘someone’s heart / a heart’ Thai: Boon thaan khaaw leew Boon eat rice – past tense marker ‘Boon ate rice’

9. Allomorphs a / an pots pigs bridges Turkish: lokanta ‘a restaurant’ – lokantada ‘in/at a restaurant’ kapi ‘a door’ – kapida ‘in/at a door’ kitap ‘a book’ – kitapta ‘in/at a book’ koltuk ‘a chair’ – koltukta ‘in/at a chair’ taraf ‘a side’  ? randevu ‘an appointment’  ? Note: the morphology of a word is the study of its shape and meaning – but shape can be writing or sound

10. Roots, Stems and Affixes Root + affix = complex word Black + en = blacken (root + suffix) adjective + suffix = verb blacken + ed = blackened verb + suffix = past tense verb black = root and stem for blacken black = root & blacken = stem for blackened unblackened = prefix + root + suffix + suffix but... unhappiness? un + happy + ness? un + knowledge? / un + ability?

11. Infixes Tagalog: takbuh ‘run’ – t-um-akbuh ‘ran’ lakad ‘walk’ – l-um-akad ‘walked’ Insertion of an affix within a base: in this case before the first vowel. Arabic: katab ‘write’ kutib ‘have been written’ aktub ‘be writing’ uktab ‘being written’ Insertion of two vowels sounds among the three consonants which comprise the root

12. Internal Change Changes in an internal non-morphemic segment to illustrate grammatical contrast. sing – sang – sung sink – sank – sunk foot – feet goose – geese In English, there is a vowel change (ablaut) to mark past tense. Umlaut: ‘fronting’ of vowel in response to front vowel in following syllable go:s  go:iz  gi:iz  gi:s Not infixing, however, as not changing the base *gs or *sng or *ft no such morpheme as ‘oo’/‘ee’ or ‘i’/‘a’

13. Suppletion Can be completely different morph (sound): French: avoir ‘to have’  eu ‘had’ Spanish: ir ‘to go’  fue ‘(he) went’ German: ist ‘is’  sind ‘are’ English: to be/is/are/we/were / to go/went

14. Suppletion or Internal Change? But... think / thought seek / sought catch / caught Probably extreme forms of internal change – sometimes called partial suppletion

15. Summary... How many words in a language? How many do you know?