1. 1 17.4 From Isolationism to War

2. 2 American Response 1930’s: U.S. focused on domestic affairs instead of international affairs –Followed policy of isolationism – Roosevelt focused on lifting U.S. out of Depression –Most Americans disagreed w/the actions of the fascists, Nazis, and Japanese radicals –Sympathized w/victims of aggression

3. 3 U.S. Chooses Neutrality Preventing International Involvement: –Neutrality Acts (1935) banned U.S. from providing weapons to nations at war –Neutrality Acts (1936) banned loaning money to other nations –Neutrality Acts (1937): permitted trade w/warring nations as long as they paid in cash and transported the cargo themselves

4. 4 American Involvement Grows Unemployment & business failures no longer required the nation’s full attention Same time – Germany & Japan stepped up their aggression Combination of the above, softened Americans’ isolationist views After Germany invaded Poland, Roosevelt looked for ways to send more aid to the Allies

5. 5 American Role After Poland invasion, Roosevelt asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts –Repealed the arms embargo & provided Britain w/weapons –Amendment allowed American merchant ships to transport goods to Britain –Legislation prevented U.S. from lending money to the Allies

6. 6 Americans expected Allies to defend themselves effectively against Germany After invasion of France, Britain stood all alone Americans supported “all aid short of war” for Britain September 3,1940: U.S. agreed to send 50 old destroyers in return for permission to build bases in Britain

7. 7 Lend-Lease Act November 1940 – Roosevelt re- elected; push for more involvement in Allied cause Same time: Britain faced financial crisis –Churchill wrote in a personal letter that the country was almost bankrupt –CASH AND CARRY-“The moment approaches, when we shall no longer be able to pay cash for shipping and other supplies”

8. 8 Lend-Lease Act Roosevelt proposed providing war supplies to Britain w/o any payment in return March 1941: Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act –Authorized President to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security –FDR immediately sends aid to Britain

9. 9 Lend-Lease Act After Germany attacked the Soviet Union, the U.S. extended lend- lease aid to the Soviets By the end of the war, U.S. had spent $49 million to over 40 nations

10. 10 Strange Bedfellows

11. 11 Japan Builds an Empire 17.3

12. 12 Manchurian Incident Japan lacked raw materials Manchuria had huge raw material source (coal & ore) September,1931: Japanese occupied Manchuria Manchurian Incident: Manchurian gov’t. failed to respond –Puppet State: independent state under control by a powerful neighbor

13. 13 Manchurian Incident

14. 14 Manchurian Incident U.S. and G.B. protested but, took no action to stop Japan Violated Kellogg-Briand Pact and United Nations **Remember they Signed Kellogg- Briand Pact with U.S.– condemned war and pledged to handle disagreements peacefully

15. 15 War Against China Occupied Beijing and Tianjin; threatened Northern China Chinese Nationalist army, led by Jiang Jieshi, resisted invasion Japan’s advantage: superior weapons and warplanes

16. 16 Rape of Nanjing Japanese soldiers brutalized or killed at least 300,000 people President Roosevelt spoke out against international aggression Soviet Union aided China w/arms, warplanes and military

17. 17 Reasons for Japanese Anger Towards the U.S. July 1940: Roosevelt began limiting what Japan could buy from the U.S. September: Ended sales of scrap iron and steel –Hoped that this would stop Japan’s expansion –Japan took control of French Indochina –Roosevelt’s Response: froze Japanese financial assets, cut off all oil supplements –Problem: Japan desperately needs raw materials

18. 18 Last Weeks of Peace Japanese & American diplomats tried to negotiate an agreement Same time: Radical army officer took power in Japan –Tojo Hideki: supported war w/U.S. and became prime minister in Oct. 1941

19. 19 Pearl Harbor 1940: U.S. cracked top-secret Japanese code which allowed them to read intercepted diplomatic messages November 27,1941: U.S. knew Japanese aircraft carriers were moving in the Pacific –Expected an attack, just didn’t know when –6 aircraft carriers and 20 other ships were on the move –Target: Pearl Harbor, naval base in Hawaii, home of U.S. Pacific Fleet

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22. 22 “A date which will live in infamy forever” 7:00am Dec. 7, 1941 –Radar operator picked up blip on screen and reported planes were headed toward the island –Operator said, “Don’t worry about it,” thought they were American planes 8:00am –180 Japanese planes attacked using bombs and machine-gun fire 9:45 attack was over –2,400 are killed, 1,200 wounded, 200 warplanes destroyed, 18 warships sunk, Japan lost only 29 planes

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24. 24 U.S.S. Arizona

25. 25 U.S. Declares War December 8,1941: Congress passed war resolution –Only one member voted no – Jeannette Rankin of Montana December 11,1941: Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

26. 26 Backlash to Pearl Harbor 1941: Japanese American population – 127,000 (0.1% of pop.) Mostly on the west coast Strong racial prejudice 2/3 of the pop. were native born Hostility grew into hatred and hysteria after Pearl Harbor Press just added fuel to the fire

27. 27 Japanese Internment Feb.19, 1942: FDR signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing a set up of military zones on the west coast War Relocation Authority: had the authority to move out everyone of Japanese ancestry – about 110,000, both citizens & non-citizens They were interned (confined) in camps in remote areas

28. 28 Japanese Internment Camps

29. 29 Japanese Internment Many lost their businesses, farms, homes, and other valuable assets Families lived in wooden barracks w/cots, blankets, and a light bulb Communal toilets, showers and dining facilities Barbed wire surrounded the camps Armed guards patrolled the grounds

30. 30 Taking Responsibility 1945: government allowed Japanese Americans to leave the camps Most lost everything 1988: Congress passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee a tax-free payment of $20,000 and an official apology

31. 31 Japanese Americans in the Military U.S. military would not accept JA into the military until 1943 17,000 fought in the U.S. armed services Nisei: citizens born in the U.S. to Japanese immigrant parents

32. 32 Nisei men joined to prove their loyalty