3. Canola Facts Bright yellow-flowering member of the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. Cultivated for animal feed, vegetable oil for human consumption and bio diesel. Third leading source of vegetable oil in 2000 World's second leading source of protein meal.

4. Common Weeds of Canola

5. Weed Problems Cause competition Can reduce yield and oil content Contaminant seed Decrease in plant vigor Wild radish or wild turnip seeds could be a serious problem

6. Crop Yield Loss Due to Weeds Vary with the weed species and density of the weed as well as timing of weed emergence Later-emerging plants tend to be less competitive and produce fewer seeds per plant Canola, once established, is more competitive with weeds than row crops such as corn or soybeans

7. Weed Prevention and Control Plan early Use crop rotation Row width Plant population Variety characteristics Tillage practices

8. Weed Control Young seedlings are very sensitive to early weed competition. An effective weed control program should include cultural, mechanical and chemical methods Once established, canola is a good competitor with most weeds Follow cultural practices to assure a dense, vigorous developing crop that will compete well with weeds Pay attention to seeding dates, rates, and depth of seed placement Perennial weeds should be controlled the year prior to seeding Few herbicides labeled Canola is extremely sensitive to drift from broadleaf herbicides

9. Common Weeds Field scouting is important as weeds vary from field to field and each field must be carefully assessed before planting it to canola. Identification, recognition and detection of weeds are important to crop management. The most prevalent weeds based on provincial weed survey’s are…

10. Common Weeds Wild oats Wild buckwheat Lamb's-quarters Redroot pigweed Lady's thumb Russian thistle Hemp nettle Cow cockle Field horsetail Shepherd's-purse Chickweed Wild rose Green foxtail Stinkweed Canada thistle Green smartweed Sow thistle Wild mustard Bluebur Night-flowering catchfly Barnyard grass Flixweed Volunteer canola

11. Problem Weeds in Canola Perennials Shade- tolerant Tall-growing Early-germinating weeds such as wild oats

12. Problem Weeds in Canola Troublesome weeds not controlled in a conventional canola crop with lower cost herbicides: Wild mustard Stinkweed Shepherd's-purse Ball mustard Flixweed Wormseed mustard Hare's ear mustard Common peppergrass

13. Problem Weeds in Canola Easily controlled in cereal crops and herbicide-tolerant canola Dormant seeds and seeds from escapes will germinate and set many more seeds in conventional canola Results in a gradual build-up of weed populations when canola becomes more frequent in the rotation Stinkweed seeds can remain viable and dormant in the soil for 10 to 20 years Wild mustard seeds can remain dormant for more than 30 years

14. Notice that most of the common weeds that affect Canola look very similar to Canola itself. Many are in the same family. They produce seeds like Canola would and this is why they are a problem. The seeds get mixed in with the crop during harvest and contaminates it. It is very important to be able to identify the many different weeds so you know what you are dealing with. From a distance many of these weeds can be mistaken for Canola.

15. Wild Mustard One of the most serious canola weeds Yield loss Serious contaminant of canola seed If more than 5% wild mustard is present in a canola sample, graded "sample reject"

16. Wild Mustard Biology Branched stem is erect, About 3 feet tall Short, stiff hairs, especially on the lower part of the stem Leaves are alternate and coarsely- toothed Similar to canola, the flowers are bright yellow Mature wild mustard has purple color on stem Produces 2,000-3,500 seeds per plant The seeds are brown to black Early, dry conditions keep populations of wild mustard low.

17. Scouting Wild Mustard Take a minimum of 20 weed counts across field Wild mustard seedlings look very similar to Polish canola Take plants confirmed to be Polish canola and wild mustard and compare them for subtle differences Look between rows when trying to identify wild mustard in Polish canola

18. Wild Mustards Effect on Crop Wild mustard seed is similar in size and shape to canola seed Impossible to separate by conventional methods Densities as low as 20 plants per square yard in canola may result in wild mustard accounting for up to 5% of the harvested seed, the maximum tolerance of wild mustard in any grade of canola.

19. Wild Mustard Control Tips Flourishes under cool, moist conditions Pay attention to weed staging under these conditions It grows quickly and can escape the window for herbicide application Herbicide options are available in most crops

20. Stinkweed

21. Shepherd's-purse

22. Ball mustard

23. Flixweed

24. Wormseed mustard

25. Hare's ear mustard

26. Common peppergrass

27. Wild Oats in Canola

28. Common Lambsquaters in Canola

29. Works Cited www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/weeds/images http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/crops /a686w.htmhttp://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/crops /a686w.htm http://www.industry.gov.au/biotechnologyonline/f oodag/weeds.cfmhttp://www.industry.gov.au/biotechnologyonline/f oodag/weeds.cfm http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/agency/pubns/f armnote/1997/f02197.htmhttp://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/agency/pubns/f armnote/1997/f02197.htm http://www.canola- council.org/weedproblem.aspxhttp://www.canola- council.org/weedproblem.aspx http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/pu b811/8weed.htmhttp://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/pu b811/8weed.htm