1. Repair and Regeneration of the Nervous System

2. What’s Capable of Being Repaired or Regenerated? Whole Neurons Axons Synaptic clefts Neuromuscular junction Receptors

3. Whole Neurons Death is programmed (apotosis) or immediated (necrosis)

4. If you had too much MSG…..

5. Axons (Peripheral Nerves)

6. Axons Derive From Growth Cones

7. How Do Axons Know Where To Go? Blueprint Hypothesis –Axons migrate towards a tissue in a pre- determined manner Chemical Affinity Hypotheis –Axons migrate towards a tissue based on feedback from “chemoattractants” and “chemorepellants” –Ephrin (retractant), Semaphorins (both)

8. Signaling Disruption of Axon Growth

9. Synaptic Clefts (Neuromuscular Junction) Principles of Neural Science (Kandel); Chapter 55

10. Formation of a Neuromuscular Junction Growth cone approaches a new formed myotube Forms an unspecialized contact Multiple axons converge on a single site All but one are eliminated –Survival of the fittest Principles of Neural Science (Kandel); Chapter 55

11. What Happens With a Loss of Nerve and Tissue? Principles of Neural Science (Kandel); Chapter 55

12. Differentiation of Synaptic vs. Non- synaptic Regions Principles of Neural Science (Kandel); Chapter 55

13. Receptor Aggregation Neuregulin: enables the formation of AcH receptors at the neuromuscular junction

14. Cytoplasmic Proteins link receptors together

15. Macromolecular Complexes Principles of Neural Science (Kandel); Chapter 55 link pre- and post-synaptic membranes together

16. Neurotrophic Factors Guide neuron survival and outgrowth on neurons BDNF, NT-3, NT-4 and 5 Hot factor to study beyond neuron repair and regeneration (drug addiction)

17. Case Study: Stroke, Chemical Warfare, and Neuregulin

18. Spinal Cord Regeneration with Channel Rhodopsin Achieved through optogenetics http://www.scientificamerican.com/video.cf m?id=method-of-the-year-2010-12-22