1. Engineers and Engineering

2. Engineers Ingenium – Ingenuity – Creative talent – Military machine

3. Engineers Military engineers Building bridges, roads, military machines, fortification ”Civil” engineers Experts in the building of bridges, roads … Experts: Praxis and the new natural sciences

4. Engineers Matematik 1484 ”Junta dos Matematicos” 1574 issued in English 1500 Education and teaching in mathematics at Jesuit schools 1598 Gresham college – Mixed mathematics – cartography, navigation, surveying. 1550 Attempts to describe the flight of the cannonball in terms of mathematics

5. Engineers Experiments 1598 Gresham college: ”The natural sciences shoul be applicable” 1627 Francis Bacon: ”The New Atlantis” 1600 Scientific academies 1660 Royal college 1666 Paris

6. Engineers 1700 Berlin 1724 St. Petersburg 1742 The Royal Danish Scientific Academy 1790 Metric system The role of the academies: Collect observations, make experiments and debate

7. Engineers An example: Electricity Produce machines and measurement instruments Find new concepts for phenomena as voltage, current and capacity 1780 Coulumbs: A mathematical model for the relationship between the distance between one electrical charge to another and the forces that works between them

8. Engineers New educational institutions 1747 ”Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées” 1794 ”Ecole Polytechnique” 1806 Austria-Hungary (Pragh) (Wien 1815) 1815 Germany (Karlsruhe) 1829 Denmark (Chopenhagen) 1840 England (Though: Gresham College) First divide: Military – civil engineers Second divide: Chemistry, building, construction, industry …

9. Engineers MathematicsExperiments (Rationalism)(Positivism) Engineers PraxisCraftsmanship

10. Engineers ScienceTechnology (Natural sciences)(Engineers) Natural phenomenonArtefacts PropertiesFunctions TheoryDesign ExperimentsPractice IdealisationNon-ideal Values - norms

11. Engineers Criteria (for the goodness of ) ScienceTechnology TruthEffectiveness(Does it work) Empirical adequacyEfficiency Predictive powerTechnically feasibility Explanatory powerDurability CoherenceSafety BeautyCosts Reliability

12. Engineers Mike Cooley “Science and technology is not given. It was made by people like us. If it's not doing for us what we want, we have a right and a responsibility to change it. We need a clear view of what we want for science and technology and the courage to stand up and do something about it." “Ingeniøren skal ikke være industriens Eichmann og sige “Jeg gjorde kun hvad jeg fik besked på””. Architect or bee? : the human/technology relationship. Langley Technical Services, 1980.

13. Isambard Kingdom Brunel Engineer: an example Isambard Kingdom Brunel

14. I K Brunel Background and education Son of Mark Brunel, French refugee, civil engineer 1. School, high school in Paris, mathematics 2. Apprenticed as a clock and instrument maker, (12-14 years old) 3. Maudslay, Sons and Field, Toolmaker and machine builder (14-16 years old) 4. Apprenticed as engineer in his father's company (16- 18 years) – fully qualified engineer

15. I K Brunel

16. Tunnelen under Themsen

17. I K Brunel The Clifton Bridge

18. I K Brunel

20. The Great Western Railway (1841)

21. I K Brunel Maidenhead bridge (1838)

22. I K Brunel The Box Tunnel (1841)

23. I K Brunel The broad gauge

24. I K Brunel The ships: Great Western (1836)

25. I K Brunel Great Britain (1839)

26. I K Brunel The atmospheric railway (1848)

27. I K Brunel The Great Eastern (1854)

28. I K Brunel Brunel’s Projects 1.Technologically groundbreaking 2.Economical disasters 3.Disastrous working environment

29. I K Brunel Brunel as an engineer 1.Crafted 2.Good friends 3.Good enemies 4.Reigned supreme, strong-willed, dominating (and surely absolutely a pain in the ….)