1. University of British Columbia CPSC 314 Computer Graphics Jan-Apr 2005 Tamara Munzner http://www.ugrad.cs.ubc.ca/~cs314/Vjan2005 Color Week 5, Fri Feb 4

2. 2 Review: Shading Models flat shading compute Phong lighting once for entire polygon Gouraud shading compute Phong lighting at the vertices and interpolate lighting values across polygon Phong shading compute averaged vertex normals interpolate normals across polygon and perform Phong lighting across polygon

3. 3 Correction: Phong Shading linearly interpolating surface normal across the facet, applying Phong lighting model at every pixel same input as Gouraud shading pro: much smoother results con: considerably more expensive not the same as Phong lighting common confusion Phong lighting: empirical model to calculate illumination at a point on a surface

4. 4 Review/Correction: Non-Photorealism draw silhouettes and creases cool-to-warm shading http://www.cs.utah.edu/~gooch/SIG98/paper/drawing.html

5. 5 Computing Normals per-vertex normals by interpolating per-facet normals OpenGL supports both computing normal for a polygon c b a

6. 6 Computing Normals per-vertex normals by interpolating per-facet normals OpenGL supports both computing normal for a polygon three points form two vectors c b a b-c a-b

7. 7 Computing Normals per-vertex normals by interpolating per-facet normals OpenGL supports both computing normal for a polygon three points form two vectors cross: normal of plane c b a b-c a-b (a-b) x (b-c)

8. 8 Computing Normals per-vertex normals by interpolating per-facet normals OpenGL supports both computing normal for a polygon three points form two vectors cross: normal of plane which side of plane is up? counterclockwise point order convention c b a b-c a-b (a-b) x (b-c)

9. University of British Columbia CPSC 314 Computer Graphics Jan-Apr 2005 Tamara Munzner Color

10. 10 Basics Of Color elements of color:

11. 11 Basics of Color Physics: Illumination Electromagnetic spectra Reflection Material properties Surface geometry and microgeometry (i.e., polished versus matte versus brushed) Perception Physiology and neurophysiology Perceptual psychology

12. 12 Electromagnetic Spectrum

13. 13 White Light Sun or light bulbs emit all frequencies within the visible range to produce what we perceive as the "white light"

14. 14 Sunlight Spectrum

15. 15 White Light and Color when white light is incident upon an object, some frequencies are reflected and some are absorbed by the object combination of frequencies present in the reflected light that determinses what we perceive as the color of the object

16. 16 Hue hue (or simply, "color") is dominant wavelength integration of energy for all visible wavelengths is proportional to intensity of color

17. 17 Saturation or Purity of Light how washed out or how pure the color of the light appears contribution of dominant light vs. other frequencies producing white light

18. 18 Intensity vs. Brightness intensity : radiant energy emitted per unit of time, per unit solid angle, and per unit projected area of the source (related to the luminance of the source) brightness : perceived intensity of light

19. 19 Humans and Light when we view a source of light, our eyes respond respond to hue: the color we see (red, green, purple) dominant frequency saturation: how far is color from grey (pink is less saturated than red, sky blue is less saturated than royal blue) brightness: how bright is the color how close is the color to white or black how bright are the lights illuminating the object?

20. 20 Physiology of Vision the eye: the retina rods cones color!

21. 21 Physiology of Vision center of retina is densely packed region called the fovea. cones much denser here than the periphery

22. 22 Trichromacy three types of cones L or R, most sensitive to red light (610 nm) M or G, most sensitive to green light (560 nm) S or B, most sensitive to blue light (430 nm) color blindness results from missing cone type(s)

23. 23 Metamers a given perceptual sensation of color derives from the stimulus of all three cone types identical perceptions of color can thus be caused by very different spectra

24. 24 Metamer Demo http://www.cs.brown.edu/exploratories/freeSoftware/catalogs/color_theory.html

25. 25 Adaptation, Surrounding Color color perception is also affected by adaptation (move from sunlight to dark room) surrounding color/intensity: simultaneous contrast effect

26. 26 Bezold Effect impact of outlines

27. 27 Color Constancy

28. 28 Color Constancy

29. 29 Color Constancy

30. 30 Color Constancy

31. 31 Color Constancy

32. 32 Color Constancy

33. 33 Color Constancy automatic “white balance” from change in illumination vast amount of processing behind the scenes! colorimetry vs. perception

34. 34 Color Spaces three types of cones suggests color is a 3D quantity. how to define 3D color space? idea: perceptually based measurement shine given wavelength ( ) on a screen user must control three pure lights producing three other wavelengths (say R=700nm, G=546nm, and B=436nm) adjust intensity of RGB until colors are identical this works because of metamers!

35. 35 Negative Lobes exact target match with phosphors not possible some red had to be added to target color to permit exact match using “knobs” on RGB intensity output of CRT equivalently (theoretically), some red could have been removed from CRT output figure shows that red phosphor must remove some cyan for perfect match CRT phosphors cannot remove cyan, so 500 nm cannot be generated

36. 36 Negative Lobes can’t generate all other wavelenths with any set of three positive monochromatic lights! solution: convert to new synthetic coordinate system to make the job easy

37. 37 CIE Color Space CIE defined three “imaginary” lights X, Y, and Z, any wavelength can be matched perceptually by positive combinations Note that: X ~ R Y ~ G Z ~ B

38. 38 Measured vs. CIE Color Spaces measured basis monochromatic lights physical observations negative lobes transformed basis “imaginary” lights all positive, unit area Y is luminance

39. 39 CIE Color Space Gamut the gamut of all colors perceivable is thus a three- dimensional shape in X,Y,Z color = X’X + Y’Y + Z’Z

40. 40 RGB Color Space (Color Cube) define colors with (r, g, b) amounts of red, green, and blue used by OpenGL RGB color cube sits within CIE color space something like this subset of perceivable colors

41. 41 CIE Chromaticity Diagram (1931) For simplicity, we often project to the 2D plane X’+Y’+Z’=1 X’ = X’ / (X’+Y’+Z’) Y’ = Y’ / (X’+Y’+Z’) Z’ = 1 – X’ – Y’

42. 42 Device Color Gamuts use CIE chromaticity diagram to compare the gamuts of various devices

43. 43 Device Color Gamuts Since X, Y, and Z are hypothetical light sources, no real device can produce the entire gamut of perceivable color Example: CRT monitor

44. 44 Gamut Mapping

45. 45 YIQ Color Space YIQ is the color model used for color TV in America. Y is brightness, I & Q are color note: Y is the same as CIE’s Y result: use the Y alone and backwards compatibility with B/W TV!

46. 46 Converting Color Spaces converting between color models can also be expressed as a matrix transform note the relative unimportance of blue in computing the Y

47. 47 HSV Color Space a more intuitive color space H = Hue S = Saturation V = Value (or brightness) Value Saturation Hue

48. 48 Simple Model of Color based on RGB triples surface interactions also simplified

49. 49

50. 50 The Gamma Problem device gamma monitor: I = A(k 1 D+k 2 V)  typical monitor  =2.5 LCD: nearly linear OS gamma defined by operating system inverse gamma curve I 1/  “gamma correction”

51. 51 Display System Gamma product of device and OS curves divide device by OS gamma  DS   D   OS  display system gamma varies different devices, different OS nonlinear viewing conditions also affect perception of “gamma” PCMacSGI 1.01.41.7 Default OS Gamma PCMacSGI 2.21.61.3 Default DS Gamma

52. 52 Intensity Mapping