1. Interest Rates & Investment Demand Coach Knight AP Macroeconomics

2. What is Investment? Money spent or expenditures on: Money spent or expenditures on: New plants (factories) New plants (factories) Capital equipment (machinery) Capital equipment (machinery) Technology (hardware & software) Technology (hardware & software) New Homes New Homes Inventories (goods sold by producers) Inventories (goods sold by producers)

3. Expected Rates of Return How does business make investment decisions? How does business make investment decisions? Cost / Benefit Analysis Cost / Benefit Analysis How does business determine the benefits? How does business determine the benefits? Expected rate of return Expected rate of return How does business count the cost? How does business count the cost? Interest costs Interest costs How does business determine the amount of investment they undertake? How does business determine the amount of investment they undertake? Compare expected rate of return to interest cost Compare expected rate of return to interest cost If expected return > interest cost, then invest If expected return > interest cost, then invest If expected return < interest cost, then do not invest If expected return < interest cost, then do not invest

4. Real (r%) v. Nominal (i%) What’s the difference? What’s the difference? Nominal is the observable rate of interest. Real subtracts out inflation ( π %)and is only known ex post facto. Nominal is the observable rate of interest. Real subtracts out inflation ( π %)and is only known ex post facto. How do you compute the real interest rate (r%)? How do you compute the real interest rate (r%)? r% = i% - π % What then, determines the cost of an investment decision? What then, determines the cost of an investment decision? The real interest rate (r%) The real interest rate (r%)

5. Investment Demand Curve (ID) What is the shape of the Investment demand curve? What is the shape of the Investment demand curve? Downward sloping Downward sloping Why? Why? When interest rates are high, fewer investments are profitable; when interest rates are low, more investments are profitable When interest rates are high, fewer investments are profitable; when interest rates are low, more investments are profitable Conversely, there are few investments that yield high rates of return, and many that yield low rates of return Conversely, there are few investments that yield high rates of return, and many that yield low rates of return

6. The Investment Demand Curve r% IGIG ID Changes in r% cause changes in I G. Factors other than r% may shift the entire ID curve 5% 3% $2 trillion $3 trillion  

7. Shifts in Investment Demand (ID) Cost of Production Cost of Production Lower costs shift ID  Lower costs shift ID  Higher costs shift ID  Higher costs shift ID  Business Taxes Business Taxes Lower business taxes shift ID  Lower business taxes shift ID  Higher business taxes shift ID  Higher business taxes shift ID  Technological Change Technological Change New technology shifts ID  New technology shifts ID  Lack of technological change shifts ID  Lack of technological change shifts ID  Stock of Capital Stock of Capital If an economy is low on capital, then ID  If an economy is low on capital, then ID  If an economy has much capital, then ID  If an economy has much capital, then ID  Expectations Expectations Positive expectations shift ID  Positive expectations shift ID  Negative expectations shift ID  Negative expectations shift ID 

8. Shifts in Investment Demand r% IGIG ID 4% $2.5 trillion $3.25 trillion ID 1  When investment demand shifts, different levels of gross private investment occur even while r% remains constant

9. Instability of Investment Durability Durability Capital has a long life-span, therefore once it is built there is no immediate need for further investment Capital has a long life-span, therefore once it is built there is no immediate need for further investment Irregularity of Innovation Irregularity of Innovation Innovation does not proceed in a smooth linear fashion, instead there are bursts of innovation followed by periods of relative stability Innovation does not proceed in a smooth linear fashion, instead there are bursts of innovation followed by periods of relative stability Variability of Profits Variability of Profits Profitability is subject to the forces of competition, cyclical changes in the economy, and human management decisions Profitability is subject to the forces of competition, cyclical changes in the economy, and human management decisions Variability of Expectations Variability of Expectations Political, social and natural phenomenon shape our positive and negative expectations of the future Political, social and natural phenomenon shape our positive and negative expectations of the future

10. Instability of Investment Many economists believe that investment instability is the chief cause of the business cycle. Many economists believe that investment instability is the chief cause of the business cycle.