1. Historical Review on Solid Polarized Targets Akira MASAIKE Washington Center Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Nov. 14, 2005 PST05

2. Not cover all of the items and developments Complementary to the Talks on History at PST 03 (Bad Honnef) 1962 ~ : 1st Generation La 2 Mg 3 (NO 3 ) 12 ・ 24H 2 O in ≥ 1 K and 1.8 T 1969 ~ : 2nd Generation Butanol & Diol at 0.5 K and 2.5 T 1974 ~ : 3rd Generation Spin Frozen Target with Dilution Refrigerator 1980 ~ ・ NH 3, LiD, LiH* ・ HD ・ Neutron Polarization using Polarized Target ・ Polarization in High Temperature

3. Orientation of Nuclear Spin Polarization : Alignment : I : Nuclear spin I Z : Magnetic substate of nuclear spin P(-m) = P(m) → P n = 0 P(m): Population on the substate with magnetic quantum number m = 0 for proton

4. Discovery of Dynamic Polarization of Protons Static Polarization High Proton Polarization (thermal equilibrium) (non-thermal) solid effect (microwaves) at 0.01 K, 10 T * 80 ~ 90 % polarization at 1 K, 1.8 T 1st Generation

5. Solid Effect : A. Abragam, C. D. Jeffries The proton spin can be polarized with microwaves by means of spin flip-flop effect coupled with the electron spin, followed by spin diffusion due to proton spin-spin dipole interaction, if － ＋ ＋ － ＋ － I Z S Z flip-flop with microwave spin-diffusion proton spin-spin interaction I I’ S I

6. «Le Roi Salomon eut donc sept cents femmes princesses…..» (I Rois XI) (N I / N S ) = 700 by A. Abragam *

7. In La 2 Mg 3 (NO 3 ) 12 ·24H 2 O (LMN) doped with Ce 3+ or Nd 3+, the solid effect works quite well, where the NMR signals for positive and negative polarizations are well-resolved. Protons in the crystal could be polarized up to 80 % at 1.1 K and 1.8 T. NMR Amplitude vs. Magnetic Field for LMN LMN + 1%Nd 3+ at H = 1.95T, T = 4.2 K ( ΔH = 40G for peak to peak ) T. J. Schmugge, C. D. Jeffries

8. Asymmetries of Pion-Proton Elastic Scattering LMN targets were successfully operated for elastic scattering experiments with π, K, p and n beams, and became important tools for particle physics. LMN targets were constructed in Berkeley, Saclay, CERN, Argonne, Rutherford, Brookhaven, Nagoya, INS, Liverpool, Los Alamos, Harvard, Dubna, Protvino etc. ( most of the high energy laboratories in the world ) Not in SLAC and DESY because of radiation damage with electrons. 10.0 GeV/c12.0 GeV/c M. Borghini et.al

9. Although LMN was an excellent polarized target material for elastic scattering experiments, it was not convenient for other experiments, e.g. backward scatterings, inelastic scatterings, rare decays, and for electron and photon beams. In the experiment of + p → K + + reaction which was tried to carry out in CERN and Berkeley (1964) in order to check the parity conservation.* It was difficult to find the true events because of background events from other nuclei than free protons, since the ratio of free protons to bound protons is 1 : 15. Events Comparison of the data with LMN and CH 2 in + p → K + + Reactions* 400 200 100 300 Events LMN CH 2

10. Test of Polarization in Organic Materials in late 1960s Dynamic polarizations had been tested with organic materials with free radicals in many laboratories in the last half of 1960s, since these materials have higher concentration of free protons, and are strong for radiation damage. LMN and diol are damaged with relativistic particles of 2×10 12 /cm 2 and 5×10 14 /cm 2, respectively. At CERN more than 200 materials with more than 500 mixing ratios had been tested to polarize with several kinds of free radicals. However, most of them could not be polarized more than 30 %.*

11. Materials tried to polarize at CERN (in 1965 ~ 1971) by M. Borghini, S. Mango, O. Runolfsson, K. Sheffler, A. Masaike, F. Udo Polexiglass M-xylol Mylar C 6 H 5 CF 3 Diethylether Tetracosane Octacosane LiBH 4 Cyclododecan Palmitin acid Polyphene Thanol Prophlbenzol Phenylethylether Phenylethyl-alcohol NaBH 4 Prehnitene Durol Benzene Toluene Ethanol Methanol Propanol Polyethylene Polystyrene LiF Wax Para Wax

12. Benzen + Ether Propanol + Ethanol Ethanol + Water Ethanol + Methanol Ethanol + Propanol Ethanol + Diethylether Butylalcohol + Methanol Methanol + Propanol NaBH 4 + NH 4 F + NH 3 Anthracene Hexanol Water Propanol Methylcyclohexan Isodurol Tetrahydrofuran O-xylol 2,5 Dimethyltetrahydrofuran 1-Hexadecarol Dioxan Oppanol (CH 3 ) 4 NBH 4 (CH 3 CH 2 ) 4 NBH 4 NH 4 BH 4 Tetramethylbenzene Tritetra-butylphenol

13. Free Radicals DPPH PAC BPA Shape BPA Violanthrene Porphyrexide TEMPO Ziegler Anthracene Na + TMR PB PR TMPD Tri-tetra-bythlphenyl Tetramethyl 1,3 cyclobutadien DTBM etc. BPA + DPPH BPA + Cob. Oleale Ziegler + DPPH Ziegler + Cob. Oleale Ziegler + BPA etc. neutron irradiation 60 Co-γirradiation γ- irradiation

14. Some Results of Dynamic Polarization with Organic Materials at CERN* (1965~1971) from unpublished memorandum (18 pages) by A. Masaike (1971)

15. Some of the Test Results of Dynamic Polarization with Organic Materials at CERN (1965~1971) B

16. Protons in butanol with small amount of water doped with porphyrexide were polarized up to 40 % at 1 K and 2.5 T at CERN by S.Mango, O.Runolfsson and M. Borghini,. At the same time, protons in diol solutions with Cr 5+ complex were polarized up to 45 % at 1 K and 2.5 T at Saclay by M. Odehnel and H. Glättli. Breakthrough in 1969 2 nd Generation Polarized Target

17. PROTON POLARIZATION H 2 O-PERCENT By WEIGHT Proton Polarization in the Eutectic Mixture of Ethylene Glycol-Water with Cr 5+ at 1 K and 2.5 T ( H. Glattli ) B

18. Polarization of Butanol and Diol in 3 He Cryostat / High Field In 1969, polarizations of 80 % and 70 % were obtained for diol and butanol in 3 He cryostats at Saclay (A. Masaike) and Argonne (D. Hill), respectively. These values are surprisingly large, since it had been believed that the polarization in lower temperature than 1 K would be less than that at 1 K. In 1970, butanol and diol in 3 He cryostats became standard targets in almost all the laboratories, and LMN targets disappeared. In 1971, the polarization at 1 K and 5.0 T was tried at CERN (A. Masaike and M. Borghini), and the similar polarization as at 0.5 K and 2.5 T was obtained.

19. sample holder made of KelF tube microwave cavity wave guide horn coupled to Microwave cavity 3 He dewar needle made of stainless steel mylar tube at the bottom of 3 He dewar hole centered in the top of the cavity glycol sample Copper rod copper wires of 20μφ NMR coil coaxial cable resistance to measure the temperature of liquid 3 He 3 He Cryostat used for Dynamic Polarization at Saclay * Most of the microwave power was absorbed in the 4 He system.

20. The optimum microwave power at 0.4 K is 40 times less than that at 1 K. The optimum power is proportional to T 4, while the Kapitza resistance is proportional to ~ T -3. Therefore, Kapitza resistance on the surface of solid material is not so serious even at 0.4 K. Temperature dependence of the microwave power absorbed in ethylene glycol

21. Beyond Solid Effect High polarization of proton in organic materials was amazing. Electron spin resonance lines are so broad in polycrystal compared to the nuclear Larmor frequency, and it is difficult to separate the contributions from positive and negative solid effects. Microwave frequencies for positive and negative polarizations are far more separated than expected from the solid effect model. Therefore, the phenomena could not be explained with the simple solid effect. NMR Amplitude vs. Magnetic Field ΔH (~100G for peak to peak )

22. The phenomena were explained with a model of exchange of energy quanta between a nuclear Zeeman energy reservoir and an electron spin-spin interaction reservoir. (Donkey Effect: M. Borghini) * Solid Effect Cooling by Electron Spin-spin Interaction * (Donkey Effect) Comparison between Solid Effect and Cooling by Electron Spin-Spin Interaction : photon : electron spin : proton spin

23. (P. Weymuth) * B

24. Comparison of Proton and Deuteron Polarizations Measured in Ethanol and 1-Butanol Doped with Porphyrexide at 2.5 T and 5.0 T and at 0.5 K, 1.1 K The relation between polarizations of protons and deuterons can be interpreted as the Equal Spin Temperature, which is applicable also to polarizations of several nuclei as 1 H, 2 D, 6 Li, 7 Li, 11 B, 13 C, 14 N, 15 N, 17 O, 19 F, 27 Al,..... 139 La,..... (M.Borghini, K.Scheffler, A.Masaike and F.Udo) B

25. Horizontal 3 He cryostat for Polarized Target at Saclay and CERN by P, Roubeau (1970) 3 He system is completely separated from 4 He-precooling system. Target material can be put in the position without warming up the 4 He system. B

26. Spin Frozen Target Jeffries pointed out that the target polarization can be maintained without microwave irradiation for long time, if the nuclear spin relaxation time is long enough. It is advantageous because of large access angle around the target region in less homogeneous and lower magnetic field than in the polarizing condition. Such a target was constructed in Rutherford Laboratory for the first time and named as Spin Frozen Target by M. Russell. After polarizing at 5 T and 0.5 K, the target was held at 3 T and 0.3 K in 3 He cryostat. 3 rd Generation Polarized Target

27. Beam T < 50 mK B = 2.5 T Propanediol polarization : 80 ~ 90 % Beams pass through the central axis of the cryostat. The Dilution Refrigerator for Spin Frozen Target at CERN Spin frozen targets with dilution refrigerators were constructed at CERN and KEK in 1974, then Saclay, Dubna and Bonn a few years later. T. Niinikoski

28. In 1974 a spin frozen deuteron target was constructed at KEK for the reactions K + + n → K + + n, K 0 + p in order to search for 5 quark systems. Target material was deuterated propanediol doped with Cr 5+ complex. Typical deuteron polarization was 40 % with frequency modulation. The temperature to keep the polarization was less than 60 mK and the relaxation time was more than 20 days. Such targets could be used for various experiments with wide access angle. B

29. Schematic View of the Spin Frozen Target for K + + n → K + + n, K 0 + p at KEK

30. Ammonia Polarization* Ammonia is advantageous because of its high dilution factor. f : polarizable nucleons / to total number of nucleons f (LMN) : 0.03 f (butanol) : 0.135 f (NH 3 ) : 0.176 Handling of ammonia is not easy. In early trial of dynamic polarization, 40 % polarization was obtained in NH 3 doped with glycerol Cr 5+ complex at 1 K and 2.5 T at CERN. (K. Scheffler, M. Borghini) Polarization of 70 % was obtained with ethanediol Cr 5+ complex in 0.5 K and 2.5 T. Difficulties were in reproducibility of DNP and slow growth of polarization.

31. Radiation-doped Ammonia 1979 (CERN): Irradiation of 0.95×10 15 protons/cm 2 in liquid N 2 ▪ Polarization of 90~93 % was obtained at < 0.5 K and 2.5T. Further proton irradiation led to explosions. 1980 (Bonn) : Irradiation of 10 17 e - /cm 2 in liquid argon ( ~ 90 K). ( W. Meyer ) proton : ≥ 90 % at 0.3 K and 2.5 T deuteron : ~ 40 % with additional irradiation at 1 K. ▪ Short polarization build up time ▪ Very strong for radiation damage ▪ Chemically stable for more than a year ▪ No problem of explosion Ammonia irradiated in liquid argon became a standard polarized target.

32. LiH and LiD : high dilution factor ( f ~ 0.5 ) 1959 : Abragam used 6 LiF to validate the Overhouser Effect. 1969 (Saclay) : 6 Li 19 F was used for studying anti-ferromagnetism.* 1980 (Saclay) : 6 Li polarization of 70 % in 6 LiD at 6.5 T, 200mK irradiated with 10 17 – 10 18 e - /cm 2 in liquid Ar. 1988 (PSI) : 6 Li polarization of 53 % in 6 LiD at 2.5 T. ~ 1990s (Bonn) : The best condition for 6 LiD was found.

33. COMPASS Target at CERN ( 6 LiD : 350 gr.) B Irradiated with 20 MeV electrons in Bonn Two targets were polarized in the opposite directions solenoid. Pol. of D : 52% Spin Frozen Target ( T 1n ~ 2months at 0.42T)

34. Hydrogen Deuteride (HD) W. N. Hardy (1966) and A. Honig (1967) proposed the HD polarization by a brute force method. (Static Polarization) They measured the relaxation properties of proton and deuteron at 0.5 K, which depend on the ortho-para and para-ortho conversions of H 2 and D 2, respectively. Honig pointed out that p’s and d’s can be polarized with a little ortho H 2 at 0.5 K, then polarization is kept for long time at 4 He temperature after ortho H 2 converts to para H 2 in 2 months (relaxation switch). H. M. Bozer and E. H. Graf measured T 1n in a dilution refrigerator. Proton spin relaxation time vs. ortho-H 2 consentration at 0.5 K (Honig)*

35. Actual Hydrogen Deuteride (HD) Targets ~ 2000: Grenoble - Orsay: ♦ Static Polarization at 10 mK and 13.5 T ▪ Proton polarization : ≥ 60 % ▪ Deuteron Polarization : ≥ 14 % ▪ Small concentration of ortho H 2 and para D 2 ~2000: BNL (LEGS): Polarizing proton to 70% and deuteron to 17% at 17mK and 15T, and holding at 1.25K and 0.7T ~2002: (Bochum): Trial of DNP with free radicals of ~10 18 spins/cm 3 produced by 90 Sr.

36. neutron polarized proton target 1960s: F. L. Shapiro, V. I. Lushchikov at Dubna (LMN) 1970s: S.Ishimoto et al. at KEK (propanediol in 3 He cryostat) 1980s: KEK, TIT and Los Alamos (propanediol) polarized neutrons of 0.02 ~ 1 eV, for parity violation experiments Neutron transmitted through polarized protons are polarized, since neutrons with spin anti-parallel to the proton spin are scattered away Neutron Polarization with Proton Filter

37. Schematic view of a microwave cavity containing propanediol which was used as polarized proton filter for slow neutron beams* at KEK B

38. Polarization of Pentacene Molecule at High Temperature* by M. Iinuma et al. laser excitation non-radiative process 12% 76% msms mImI microwave irradiation 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 T0T0 S0S0 S1S1 S’ ~20μsec ~20nsec ground state laser excitation radiative process microwave irradiation ~1μsec T1T1

39. DNP at High Temperature and Low Field Single crystal of naphthalene doped with pentacene 2)microwave irradiation & sweep of the field within the lifetime of the triplet state population transfer 1)laser irradiation pentacene is excited to the triplet state. 3)transition from the triplet state to the diamagnetic ground state spontaneously, where no spin-spin interaction between e and p. 4) diffusion of proton spin from pentacene to naphthalene proton polarization in naphthalene It can be polarized at 77 K / 270 K and 0.3 T, and held at 0.0007 T B

40. Feature of Aromatic Target Hydrogen content is not so high. (dilution factor : 0.12) Less problems of heating and radiation damage Applicable for experiments with very low momentum charged particles, since it can be operated at less than 10G Not expensive and not require a great deal of expertise for construction Applicable to quantum computing because of the high temperature and low magnetic field Useful for studying high resolution NMR systems Possible study of the structure of biopolymers

41. Polarized Naphthalene Target for 6 He + p Scattering B ( Riken-Univ. of Tokyo )

42. Summary  Development of solid polarized target has been performed continuously for the last 43 years.  Higher polarization can be obtained in lower temperature.  Most of nuclei with spin can be polarized in agreement with the equal spin temperature model.  Targets with high dilution factors (diol, butanol, NH 3 LiD, HD etc.) are useful for spin physics.  Slow neutrons can be polarized through a polarized filter.  DNP of aromatic molecules in high temperature is hopeful.  Future applications of polarized target to wide field of science is expected.

44. Static Polarization Paramagnetic Salts Salts have poor thermal conductivities Solutes in Ferromagnets Hyperfine magnetic fields at nuclei of solutes in ferromagnetic lattice are used. Rare gases, halogens, and alkali metals are put into a metallic iron lattice. Ferromagnetic Compounds BiMn compounds : orientation of 205 Bi, 206 Bi Direct Polarization Brute force methods for polarization

45. Some of the Test Results of Dynamic Polarization with Organic Materials at CERN (1969~1971) B

46. Some of the Test Results of Dynamic Polarization with Organic Materials at CERN (1969~1971) B

47. Mechanisms of Dynamic Orientation of Nuclei by Solid Effect and Cooling of Electron Spin-Spin Interaction

48. ℋ ss Mechanisms of Dynamic Orientation of Nuclei by Solid Effect and Cooling of Electron Spin-Spin Interaction

49. Schematic View of the Mixture of Solid Effect and Donkey Effect Transition probabilities Cooling by Spin-Spin Interaction (Donkey Effect) Solid Effect Solid Effect + Donkey Effect B

50. liquid He 4 He 3 gas

52. Schematic View of Horizontal Dilution Refrigerator for Spin Frozen target at KEK Coaxial Double Heat Exchanger Filled with Sintered Copper B

53. LiH and LiD : high dilution factor ( f : 0.5 ) 1959 : Abragam used 6 LiF to validate the Overhouser Effect. 1969 (Saclay) : 6 Li 19 F was used for studying anti-ferromagnetism. 1978 : LiH polarization irradiated with electrons was proposed. Polarizations of 80 % for 7 Li and 35 % for 6 Li were obtained at 6.5 T, 200 mK, in agreement with the spin temperature model. 1980 (Saclay) : 6 Li polarization of 70 % in 6 LiD at 6.5 T irradiated with 10 17 – 10 18 e - /cm 2 in liquid Ar. 1988 (PSI) : 6 Li polarization of 53 % in 6 LiD at 2.5 T. ~ 1990s (Bonn) : The best condition for 6 LiD was found.

54. COMPASS Target 6 LiD : 350 gr. (largest) Irradiated with 20 MeV electrons in Bonn Microwave frequency : 70 GHz Polarizing at ≤ 300 mK in a dilution refrigerator Polarization of deuteron is ~ 52 % with frequency modulation. Two targets were polarized in the opposite directions, in order to cancel the false asymmetry. holding at ~ 60 mK T p = 1400 hrs. at 0.42 T PSI Polarized Target for n-p Scattering butanol-water with Cr 5+ : 100 gr polarizing at 5T in a dilution refrigerater holding at 0.8T and 50mK

55. Hydrogen Deuteride (HD) Target ~ 2000: Grenoble - Orsay: ♦ Brute Force Method ▪ Proton polarization : ≥ 60 % ▪ Deuteron Polarization : ≥ 14 % ▪ Polarizing at 10 mK and 13.5 T ▪ Small concentration of ortho H 2 and para D 2 are necessary for polarization. ~2000: BNL (LEGS): Polarizing proton to 70% and deuteron to 17% at 17mK and 15T, and holding at 1.25K and 0.7T ~2002: (Bochum): Trial of DNP with free radicals of ~10 18 spins/cm 3 produced by 90 Sr.

56. Neutron Polarization with Polarized Proton Filter E. Fermi in “Nuclear Physics” Since for n-p scattering, slow neutron with spin down (anti-parallel to proton) will be scattered away, leaving a transmitted beam which is predominately spin up (parallel). However, this method is not feasible, since temperatures on the order of 0.01 K would be necessary to line up the nuclear spin. In spite of Fermi’s comment, slow neutrons could be polarized by the polarized proton target, thanks to the dynamic polarization. B

57. Very low energy neutron beam can be polarized by transmission through polarized target, since for low energy neutrons. It is applicable to particle physics. Spin dependence of the interaction of proton and unstable nuclei has been measured for the first time. Applicable to quantum computing using NMR because of the high temperature and low magnetic field. Useful to study a high resolution NMR system; It could allow nuclear magnetic ordering in a low field at high temperature. Possible study of the structure of biopolymers.

58. 1960s: F. L. Shapiro, then V. I. Lushchikov obtained a polarized neutron beam with LMN at Dubna. 1970s: KEK group got thermal neutron polarization of more than 85% with propanediol using a 3 He cryostat. 1980s: KEK, TIT and Los Alamos groups used polarized neutron beams in wide energy range (0,02 ~ 1 eV), using propanediol with Cr 5+, which have contributed to the parity violation experiments at KEK and Los Alamos in 1980s ~ 1990s.

59. DNP at high temperature and low field DNP on a photo-excited triplet state of pentacene molecules ・ Electron spins are spontaneously aligned on the triplet state ・ Relaxation time of proton is very long on the ground state. independent of temperature and magnetic field. Efficient polarization transfer ( Integrated Solid Effect ( ISE ) ) in low magnetic field at high temperature by sweeping the magnetic field

60. DNP at High Temperature and Low Field 1)laser irradiation Repeating the following steps 2)microwave irradiation & sweep of the field within the lifetime of the triplet state population transfer excitation of pentacene to the triplet state 3)transition from the triplet state to the diamagnetic ground state spontaneously, where no spin-spin interaction exists. 4) diffusion of proton spin from pentacene to naphthalene proton polarization in naphthalene single crystal of aromatic molecules doped with pentancene naphthalene Host molecule: or p-terphenyl Sample :

61. Pentacene molecules are doped in the crystals of naphthalene and p-terphenyl with concentrations of 0.001~0.018 mol% and 0.1 mol%, respectively. C 10 H 8 molecular weight : 128.2 g / mol density : 1.16 g / cm 3 C 18 H 14 230.3 g / mol 1.24 g / cm 3

62. Molecules on site A and site B are magnetically equivalent when the external field is applied along the molecular X-axis. site B site A (a) (b) Two naphthalene molecules in site A or site B are replaced with one pentacene molecule.

63. Van Kesteren obtained proton polarization of 42 % in a crystal of fluoranthene (C 16 H 10 ) involving the photoexcited triplet state of the guest phenenthrene molecule by means of MIONP at 1.4 K and 2.7 T. However, polarization was significantly reduced above 1.4 K. DNP efficiency is significantly reduced, when width of ESR is larger than the energy difference between magnetic sublevels of the nucleus in low magnetic field.

64. Sample Single crystal of naphthalene doped with pentacene ( 0.001~0.018 mol% ) Single crystal of p-terphenyl doped with pentacene ( 0.1 mol% ) Laser system Pulsed dye laser pumped by flash lamp wavelength : 590nm ~ 605 nm repetition : 50 Hz pulse width : 0.8 ~1μsec pulse energy : 10mJ Temperature at 77K ( liquid N 2 temperature )

65. Integrated Solid Effect ( ISE )  j   j  sweep jj ii ESR  sweep  reverse the spin direction Magnetic field is swept during the microwave irradiation in order to integrate all the solid effects.

66. Effective Larmor frequency in the effective field

67. (a) adiabatic fast passage (b) integrated solid effect If magnetic field is swept through the resonance adiabatically, the direction of the electron spin changes following the effective field, and finally it is reversed. Polarization transfer from e to p is most efficient when.

68. ISE (Integrated Solid Effect) All the molecules in the triplet state can contribute to the polarization transfer constructively. Henstra obtained proton polarization of 0.5 % in a crystal of naphthalene doped with pentacene at the room temperature using this method. Magnetic field is swept during the microwave irradiation, in order to integrate all the solid effects by means of the adiabatic fast passage through the ESR line width.

69. Central external field (×0.1T) NMR Amplitude vs. Magnetic Field for △ t RF =10μsec : sweep from lower field to higher : sweep from higher field to lower △ t RF : microwave pulse width

70. T 1 = 165 min. Decay rate of proton polarization by neutron transmission Even in almost zero magnetic field, the relaxation time is quite long Decay of the proton polarization in a naphthalene target without laser beam in 0.0007T at T=77K,

71. Comparison of naphthalene and P-terphenyl to other target material * Dilution factor: ratio of free proton number to bound proton number

72. Summary of High Temperature Polarization Proton polarization (P p ) of 70 % was obtained in the single crystal of naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ) doped with pentacene (C 12 H 14 ) at 77 K and 0.3 T by means of MIONP (Microwave Induced Optical Nuclear Polarization) and ISE (Integrated Solid Effect). Population of triplet states of pentacene could be increased with dye-laser of long pulse width (600 ns). Very long relaxation time could be obtained by suppressing slow molecular motion at < 250 K. Decay constant is 166 min. at 77 K and 0.0007 T.