1. Organic/BioChemistry

2. Inorganic vs. Organic

3. compound which usually does not contain carbon AND hydrogen
Inorganic chemistry:
compound which usually does not contain carbon AND hydrogen
Ex. O3, NaCl, H2O, CO2

4. Inorganic Chemistry: Compounds that do not need to contain: Carbon: C
AND
Hydrogen: H

5. Biochemical Compounds
A.K.A Organic chemistry:
compounds usually found in Living or once living organisms
contains both Carbon and Hydrogen
other elements found in living things are: C, H, O, N, Phosphorous
Carbon = “element of LIFE”

6. Carbon: The element of LIFE

7. Biochemical Compounds
Types of Organic Compounds
found in all living things include:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
ProteiNs
Nucleic Acids
KNOW THESE!!!

8. Organic Chemistry:
Organic Compounds (Carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins) are chemically bonded together or broken down by:
Dehydration Synthesis:
Hydrolysis:

9. Dehydration Synthesis:
process of joining (bonding) molecules to form large molecules called: MACROMOLECULES
macromolecules are formed by REMOVING WATER!!
Hence the name dehydration…
as in dehydrate 

10. Hydrolysis:
process of breaking down macromolecules into smaller molecules called MONOMERS
smaller molecules are formed by ADDING WATER!

11. dehydration synthesis small molecules (monomers)
PROCESS
STARTS
WITH ...
ENDS WITH ...
Ex.
dehydration synthesis
small molecules (monomers)
large molecules & water
(macro-molecules) 
growth
hydrolysis
water & macromolecules
small molecules  (monomers)
digestion

13. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

14. Organic Compounds Cont… Carbohydrates:
Made of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen
Usually the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen have a 1:2:1 ratio
Used in organisms for quick energy

15. Carbohydrate: a. Monosaccharide: simple sugar (1- ring)
“ose” ending = sugar
ex. Fructose, glucose:

16. Carbohydrate- Monosaccharide:

17. b. Disaccharide 2 simple sugars are chemically bonded together
Carbohydrates:
b. Disaccharide
2 simple sugars are chemically bonded together
ex. Sucrose, lactose

18. Carbohydrate- Disaccharide:

19. C. Polysaccharide: Carbohydrates:
many sugars chemically bonded together
form long chains = polymers
are macromolecules (lg molecules)
ex. Starches, Chitin, and cellulose (found in fruits and veggies)

20. Carbohydrate- Polysaccharide4 3 1 2

21. 2 connected monosaccharide (ex: maltose)
Elements Present
Used by organisms for ...
Building Blocks
(Monomers)
Related Terms & Info
carbon hydrogen oxygen
C:H:O = 1:2:1 always!
Quick energy
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
ex: glucose
Disaccharide:
2 connected monosaccharide (ex: maltose)
Polysaccharide 3 or more connected monosaccharide (ex: starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose)

22. Organic Compounds cont. Lipids:
Fats, cholesterol, waxes, oils
Lipids + H2O3 fatty acids +glycerol
H to O ratio is much greater than 2:1
Do not EMULSIFY - break apart in H2O
Used as Stored energy in organisms

23. 3 Fatty Acids and a Glycerol:1 2 3

24. Lipids 2 classifications of fats: Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats (which includes polyunsaturated fats)

25. Lipids: Saturated fats: solid at room temperature
linked to cardiovascular disease
have many H-C bonds

26. Lipids: Unsaturated fats: not solids at room temp
not associated with cardiovascular disease
have 1 or more double C-C bonds
polyunsaturated fats have more than 1 double or triple C-C bond

27. 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol Elements Present Used by Organisms for ...
Related Terms & Info
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
ONLY !
There is no specific H:O ratio.
Stored Energy
Structure  (important part of cell membranes)
saturated fat = C-C bonds are all single bonds
unsaturated fat = contain at least one double or triple C-C bond
Building Blocks of Lipids
3 Fatty Acids
1 glycerol

28. Topic: “chemistry of life”:
STOP!!! CK POINT
Topic: “chemistry of life”:
What elements are found in carbohydrates and lipids?
Explain 2 differences between carbohydrates and lipids.
Describe the function for each?
How are monomers bonded together? Broken apart?

29. Organic Compounds: NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA & RNA
We will save the nitty, gritty details of DNA & RNA for later in the year (Genetics).  But for now, you should know there functions & basic structure, and how DNA compares to RNA.

30. DNA & RNA
DNA & RNA are polymers (many units) --- long chains of smaller repeating units. 
The repeating unit (monomers) in nucleic acids is called a nucleotide.

31. nucleotide remember this !

32. nucleotide What elements make up a nucleotide? A phosphate group
The carbohydrate… (see the “ring”?)
A nitrogen base:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
What elements make up a nucleotide?

33. Repeating Units of Nucleotides
How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?

34. Nucleic Acid: DNA

35. Nucleic Acid: RNA

36. DNA RNA Nucleic Acids: FULL NAME Deoxyribonucleic acid
 BASIC STRUCTURE
2 long twisting strands of nucleotides in the form of a "double helix"
1 single strand of nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR
Deoxyribose
Ribose
NITROGENOUS BASES
guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T)
guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) uracil (U)
LOCATION IN A CELL
nucleus  (the chromosomes)
nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes
FUNCTION
the hereditary material  of a cell, directs & controls cell activities
involved in protein synthesis

37. Organic Compounds: ProteiNs'
Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
take the shape of coils, helixes and globules
ex. Collagen, hormones, muscle tissue, enzymes, Hemoglobin

38. Structure of ProteiNs:

39. ProteiNs:
Made up of basic building blocks MONOMERS called:
AMINO ACIDS!!!!

40. Amino Acids:
are the structural units (monomers) of protein
bond together to form proteins
The bond between amino acids are called
Peptide bonds

41. Amino Acids:
The order/sequence and size of amino acid determines the protein made
2 amino acids bonded together = dipeptide
amino acids form long chains called a polypeptide chains

42. carbon hydrogen oxygen & NITROGEN
Elements Present
Used by organisms for ...
Related Terms & Info
carbon hydrogen oxygen & NITROGEN
(sometimes Sulfur)
muscles
enzymes
antibodies
hormones
Pigments
Hemoglobin
peptide bond = the bond that holds amino acids together in protein molecules
dipeptide =
2 connected
amino acids
polypeptide =
3 or more connected
amino acids  
monomers of Proteins:
AMINO ACIDS!!!

43. Topic: “NA and ProteiNs”:
STOP!!! CK POINT
Topic: “NA and ProteiNs”:
What are 2 types of Nucleic Acids?
What is the “monomer” of a nucleic acid?
Describe the primary functions of nucleic acids.
Identify elements found in ProteiNs.
What is the monomer for ProteiNs?

44. Group Activity:
Group leaders to get a marker
As a group, and when instructed, you will go to a poster in a designated area in the room
When the timer begins WRITE 1 ACCURATE FACT
Wait until instructed, move to the next poster.
As you move to each poster, read each statement then add an additional fact

45. Enzymes:
Are forms of protein!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Usually end in “ASE”
Are not changed during a chemical rxn (a substance affects a reaction w/o being changed is called a CATALYST)

46. Enzymes: Are organic catalysts : Are used over and over
Control the rate of rxn within cells
Catalysts allow rxns to occur at a faster rate
Are used over and over
For each chem. rxn, there is a specific enzyme to initiate the rxn

47. HOW ENZYMES WORK: Substrate- Enzyme Active-
the substance the enzyme acts upon
Enzyme Active-
the region on the enzyme
Substrate and Enzyme active site are specific to each other.
The substrate fits the enzyme active site like a puzzle called: enzyme-substrate complex

48. HOW ENZYMES WORK: When the enzyme and substrate come together:
may cause 2 molecules to join together
may cause bonds to break

49. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

50. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

51. Factors Affecting Enzyme Action:
Concentration and surface area
Temperature pH
Co-enzymes

52. Factors Affecting Enzyme Action:
Concentration – determine rxn rates. Sometimes adding more concentration has little or no effect

53. Temperature– slowly raising the temp.
increases rate. However, at higher temps.,
the enzyme can breakdown called
Denaturation

54. temp and enzymes

55. pH level – specific to the enzyme stomach acidic, intestines slightly basic

56. Presence of coenzymes (vitamins) allows an enzyme to perform

57. Carbon Compounds
4 groups of carbon compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and protein.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of cell membranes and waterproofing.
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
Proteins:
control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.

58. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Chemical rxns always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.
Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.