1. All these Sky Pixels Are Yours The evolution of telescopes and CCD Arrays: The Coming Data Nightmare

2. Once Upon a Time: Life Was Simple One Big Telescope One Thick Mirror One Lousy Detector

3. Old School But No QE

4. Thick Mirrors  Made the support structure of the telescopes very expensive  Capital Cost scaled as A 3  Would be limiting factor  Thermal Issues  1948-1982

5. Solution: Develop Thin Mirrors  Lower Cost for Support Structures  Thermal Issues are less

6. Next: Combine Individual Light Sources  First done at the Multiple Mirror Telescope which was commissioned in 1982

7. Thin to Segmented Mirrors Thin Mirror Technology (including Hubble) would dominate from 1982 to about 1998 Thin Mirror Technology (including Hubble) would dominate from 1982 to about 1998 Keck 10 meter segmented mirror Keck 10 meter segmented mirror

8. What about Detectors? Photographic/Film is horrible  non linear and no QE Need a digital detector Boyle and Smith 1969 CCD  Nobel Prize

10. Scalability of CCD Construction

11. 335 Million Pixels

12. Optical Interferometer Can it work at short wavelengths to combine the light from many mirrors?

13. Real Life Complications

14. Towards a Full Sky Assault

15. Europeans Do Better

16. 2x8.4 = 11.5 meters

17. World’s Biggest Single Aperture

18. 24.5 Meter Telescope Coming Giant Magellan Telescope 7 x 8.4 mirrors

20. The Next Big Thing  A 33 GigaPixel Digital Camera

21. But is Big Aperture = Big Science  Historically not – Historically its survey instruments that advance the field.  Here comes the LSST

22. Site finalized in 2009

23. LSST Concept Single 8.4 M mirror 3 degree FOV (!) 80% encircled energy = 0.2” (Like HST) 10s integration equivalent to 10hr integration with 200 inch telescope. There are 40,000 square degrees in the sky So …

24. WOW!

25. Relentless Image Acquisition

26. Lots of Hardware

27. Lots of Design Issues

28. Focal Plane Is curved

29. But Can this Work? Each image = 132 Gbyte 240 Images per hour = 32 Terrabytes 10 hours = 320 TB 4 Day Survey = 1.28 PB Rinse and repeat and each pixel contains information!