1. Chapter 1: The Earth’s Atmosphere Overview of the Earth’s atmosphere Overview of the Earth’s atmosphere Vertical structure of the atmosphere Vertical structure of the atmosphere Weather and climate Weather and climate

2. Overview of the Earth’s Atmosphere The atmosphere, when scaled to the size of an apple, is no thicker than the skin on an apple Water vapor molecules are invisible: clouds; condensation; evaporation Fig.1.2

3. Composition of the Atmosphere permanent gases permanent gases variable gases variable gases roles of nitrogenroles of nitrogen and oxygen and oxygen role of water vaporrole of water vapor Fig. 1.4

4. Table 1-1, p. 3

5. Composition of the Atmosphere Carbon dioxide and the greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide and the greenhouse gases ozone ozone aerosols aerosols pollutants pollutants Ozone at high altitudes (stratosphere) is “good”; ozone at low altitudes (troposphere) is “bad.”Ozone at high altitudes (stratosphere) is “good”; ozone at low altitudes (troposphere) is “bad.”

6. FIGURE 1.3 The main components of the atmospheric carbon dioxide cycle. The gray lines show processes that put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, whereas the red lines show processes that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Stepped Art Fig. 1-3, p. 4

7. The Early Atmosphere the first atmosphere: hydrogen, helium the first atmosphere: hydrogen, helium outgassing and the second atmosphere outgassing and the second atmosphere water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen evolution of the atmosphere: evolution of the atmosphere: carbon dioxide and oxygen carbon dioxide and oxygen The evolution of life and the atmosphere are closely linked.The evolution of life and the atmosphere are closely linked.

8. Vertical Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere Radiosonde launched twice a day to measure temperature, humidity, wind, and pressure of the lowest 30 km above surface

9. A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density air density air density air pressure air pressure sea-level pressure sea-level pressure Baseballs travel farther in higher-altitude air (Denver) than they do in lower-altitude air.Baseballs travel farther in higher-altitude air (Denver) than they do in lower-altitude air. Surface pressure: 1013 mb = 1013 hPa = 29.92 in.HgSurface pressure: 1013 mb = 1013 hPa = 29.92 in.Hg

10. Fig. 1-7, p. 8

11. Fig. 1-8, p. 9

12. Layers of the Atmosphere vertical temperature profile vertical temperature profile Troposphere Troposphere lapse rate: 6.5degC/1km; lapse rate: 6.5degC/1km; temperature inversion temperature inversion stratosphere stratosphere mesosphere mesosphere thermosphere thermosphere

13. The Ionosphere electrified regions of the atmosphere electrified regions of the atmosphere D, E and F regions D, E and F regions radio waves radio waves When the radio was invented by G. Marconi in the early 20th century, it was not known how radio waves traveled long distances through the atmosphere.When the radio was invented by G. Marconi in the early 20th century, it was not known how radio waves traveled long distances through the atmosphere.

14. Fig. 1-11, p. 13

15. Weather and Climate Satellites Radar Radiosonde Aircraft Weather station

16. Elements of Weather air temperature air temperature air pressure air pressure humidity humidity clouds clouds precipitation precipitation visibility visibility wind wind Certain weather elements, like clouds, visibility and wind, are of particular interest to pilots.Certain weather elements, like clouds, visibility and wind, are of particular interest to pilots.

17. Climate average weather average weather extremes extremes

18. A Satellite’s View of the Weather geostationary satellites geostationary satellites Atmospheric observation from satellites was an important technological development in meteorology. Other important developments include computers, internet, and Doppler radar.Atmospheric observation from satellites was an important technological development in meteorology. Other important developments include computers, internet, and Doppler radar.

19. Storms of all Sizes midlatitude cyclonic storms midlatitude cyclonic storms hurricanes and tropical storms hurricanes and tropical storms thunderstorms thunderstorms tornadoes tornadoes Storms are very exciting, but they also play an important role in moving heat and moisture around throughout the atmosphere.Storms are very exciting, but they also play an important role in moving heat and moisture around throughout the atmosphere.

20. Fig. 1.17 Fig. 1.15

21. A Look at a Weather Map wind speed and direction wind speed and direction cyclones and anticyclones cyclones and anticyclones fronts fronts Wind direction is defined in the opposite way as ocean currents: a southerly current means water is moving towards the south.Wind direction is defined in the opposite way as ocean currents: a southerly current means water is moving towards the south.

22. Fig. 1-13, p. 17

23. Weather and Climate in our Lives wind chill, frostbite and hypothermia wind chill, frostbite and hypothermia heat exhaustion and heat stroke heat exhaustion and heat stroke cold spells, dry spells and heat waves cold spells, dry spells and heat waves severe thunderstorms and flash floods severe thunderstorms and flash floods The mathematical formula for determining the wind chill temperature has recently been revised due to new experiments.The mathematical formula for determining the wind chill temperature has recently been revised due to new experiments.

24. Fig. 1-16, p. 19

25. Fig. 1-18, p. 20 Fig. 1.19