1. Impact of natural and biogenic emissions on Air Quality
Gabriele Curci
M. Beekmann1, R. Vautard2
1 LISA, 2 LSCE
NatAir Workshop, Brussels 26 June 2007

2. Summary Overview of CHIMERE model
Resume of biogenic emissions from NatAir and anthropogenic EMEP emissions
Simulation results (summer)
Impact on ozone
Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC)
Comparison with ground measurements
Impact on PM
SOA from Terpenes
Dust
Spores, bacteria (PBAP)
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

3. Chimere Chemistry-Transport Model
EMISSIONS
Anthrogenic : EMEP CO,NH3, NOx, NMVOC, PM, SOx
Biogenic : NatAir NMVOC, NO, PM
[Schmidt et al., Atmo. Env., 2001]
METEO
MM5 48x48 km2
ERA-40 forcing
grid FDDA
USGS landuse
MRF PBL
Grell cumulus scheme
Reisner2 microphysics
Noah LSM
Chimere
0.5°x0.5°
advection & turbulence
gas & aerosol chemistry
wet & dry deposition
GLOBAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
(monthly climatology)
Gas : LMDz-INCA
Aerosol : GOCART
Chemical mechanism MELCHIOR
80 species, 300 reactions
BVOC : isoprene [Paulson and Seinfeld, 1992], α-pinene [Stockwell et al., 1997]
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

4. NatAir Biogenic Emissions Database
Main objective: estimation of fraction of atmospheric pollutants over Europe which can be attributed to natural/biogenic emissions (“incompressible part of air quality”)
Development of state-of-the-art biogenic emission inventory: 10 km resolution on the European domain
All emissions regridded on the 0.5°x0.5° grid of Chimere model and rewritten in netCDF format
Sources included:
Biogenic VOCs: isoprene, speciated terpenes and others
NO from soils
Forest fires
Wind blown dust
Lightning
Spores, bacteria
Animals
Wetlands
Sea salt and DMS
Volcanoes
Geological seapages
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

5. BVOC > AVOC emissions in Spain and Greece
VOC Emissions year 2000 (1/2)
[Mg]
Biogenic VOC emissions (ISOPRENE+TERPENES) are about 60% of anthropogenic VOC emissions on annul basis at continental scale
BVOC > AVOC emissions in Spain and Greece
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

6. VOC Emissions year 2000 (2/2) ISOPRENE Σ TERPENES NatAir
Changes against previous estimates
NatAir
Simpson et al., 1999
emissions into Chimere [Derognat et al., 2003]
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

7. May contribute up to 20-25% in some parts of Spain and France
NOx Emissions
Biogenic NO emissions are about 2% of anthropogenic NOx emissions on annual basis at continental scale
May contribute up to 20-25% in some parts of Spain and France
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
[Mg]
Gabriele Curci, LISA

8. PM10 Emissions [Mg] 65% PM2.5 0% PM2.5 15% PM2.5 45% PM2.5
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA
[Mg]

9. All simulations in summer (Jun-Aug), base year 2000
Chimere Simulation
Simulation ID
Description
CTRL
No Biogenic Emissions
ALL2
CTRL + NatAir BVOC
ISO2
CTRL + NatAir ISOPRENE
TER2
CTRL + NatAir TERPENES
DST2
CTRL + NatAir DUST
PBAP
CTRL + NatAir PBAP
All simulations in summer (Jun-Aug), base year 2000
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

10. BVOC impact on OZONE (1/6)
Average daily ozone maximum summer 2000 (JJA)
Average increase INLAND adding BVOC: 2.0 ppbv (1.0/3.5 ppbv N/S of 47°N)
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

11. BVOC impact on OZONE (2/6)
Animation of hourly contribution of BVOC to surface ozone, starting from zero BVOC emissions.
Ozone is produced mainly inland and near NOx sources (>20 ppbv locally)
Ozone builds up over the sea, because of its longer lifetime in the marine boundary layer.
After 3 days Mediterranean basin is filled up with additional O3 from BVOC
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

12. BVOC impact on OZONE (3/6)
Additional O3 from BVOC
Inland: 60% ISOPRENE and 40% TERPENES
Offshore: 50% ISOPRENE and 50% TERPENES
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

13. BVOC impact on OZONE (4/6)
Seasonal cycle
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

14. BVOC impact on OZONE (5/6)
+2.2 ppbv
+2.0 ppbv
+2.5 ppbv
+2.8 ppbv
HEAT-WAVES!
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

15. BVOC impact on OZONE, year 2010 (6/6)
[ppbv]
Reduced impact over western Europe, increased in Turkey
Change driven by change of NOx emissions
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

16. Robustness of OZONE results (1/2)
NatAir BVOC emissions
“Simpson99” BVOC emissions
[ppbv]
Inventories differs in the range of -100 to +200%
Calculated impact on ozone differs in the range -3 (UK) to 8 (Portugal) ppbv, tipically less than ±2 ppbv
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

17. Robustness of OZONE results (2/2)
Reference simulation
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

18. Comparison with OZONE measurements (1/2)
O3 hourly measurements from EMEP and AirBase archives
Observations
With BVOC
NO BVOC
[ppbv]
Adding BVOC the O3 underestimation of the model is generally attenuated
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

19. Extreme Event July-August 2003!
Large episodic contribution from BVOC emissions to ozone throughout the Mediterranean basin
Up to 100 µg/m3 in one extreme case in Spain!
Observations from EMEP and AirBase databases
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

20. Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissions
ITALY
No BVOC
With NatAir BVOC
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

21. Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissions
SPAIN
No BVOC
With NatAir BVOC
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

22. Impact of SOA from TERPENES on PM10
Terpenes contribute most of Secondary Organic Aerosol on continental scale
In Spain SOA up to 9 µg/m3, in Greece up to 4 µg/m3
In Southern France, Italy and Eastern Europe 1 µg/m3
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

23. Impact of DUST on PM10 (2) NatAir dust “Sahara” distr.*
(1) Chimere dust
[µg/m3]
(3) NatAir dust Chimere distr.
Assumed Size Distribution (%)
Model
PM>10
10<PM<2.5
PM<2.5 1 50 45 5 2 76 24 3
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA
* From Alfaro et al. 1998, 2001

24. PBAP maximum impact on PM10 is 2%
Impact of PBAP on PM10
PBAP maximum impact on PM10 is 2%
PBAP emissions almost uniformly distributed over the continent and 85% between 2.5 and 10 µm
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

25. Conclusions
This is the first long-term interannual assessment of BVOC impact on ozone at European scale after Simpson 95
The BVOC impact on average ozone daily maximum in summer is ~2.5 ppbv
The emphasis on the Mediterranean basin (~5 ppbv) and Portugal (15 ppbv) is greater than previous estimates, and smaller north of Mediterranean
Use of biogenic BVOC emissions is necessary to explain extreme summer ozone episodes (e.g heat-waves)
The associated uncertainty of the average BVOC impact on O3 is estimated in 50%
Impact of SOA from terpenes on PM10 is significant, expecially on the Iberian peninsula
Impact of dust on PM10 is also very important at several locations
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

26. Outlook
A detailed SOA scheme will be applied in combination with speciated terpene emissions from NatAir
Specific simulations in combination with PM10 observations at interesting places will be used to “tune” the size distribution of dust emissions
Other emissions from NatAir will be implemented into the Chimere model
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA

27. EXTRA SLIDES

28. Only 13% (0.76 Tg) in reactive HCHO and CH3CHO
VOC Emissions year 2000 (3/3)
Only 13% (0.76 Tg) in reactive HCHO and CH3CHO
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA
[Mg]

29. Comparison with OZONE measurements (2/2)
Sim. ID
April
July
September
RMS
[ppbv]
CTRL
7.6 ( )
12.6 ( )
7.9 ( )
ALL1
7.4 ( )
10.6 ( )
7.8 ( )
ALL2
7.5 ( )
10.8 ( )
7.8 ( )
Bias
-1.4 ( )
-7.6 ( )
0.0 ( )
-0.8 ( )
-4.1 ( )
1.4 ( )
-1.2 ( )
-4.2 ( )
0.6 ( )
Correlation
0.58 ( )
0.78 ( )
0.52 ( )
0.61 ( )
0.80 ( )
0.55 ( )
0.59 ( )
0.79 ( )
0.53 ( )
NATAIR Project
16 April 2017
Gabriele Curci, LISA