1. Demand © 2002 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited Supply and Demand

2. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 2 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND Supply Supply and Demand are the two words that economists use most often. Supply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work! Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. Supply Supply and Demand are the two words that economists use most often. Supply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work! Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.

3. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 3 MARKETS AND COMPETITION The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people......as they interact with one another in markets. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. –Buyers determine demand... –Sellers determine supply… The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people......as they interact with one another in markets. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. –Buyers determine demand... –Sellers determine supply…

4. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 4 DEMAND Quantity Demanded refers to the amount (quantity) of a good that buyers are willing to purchase at alternative prices for a given period.

5. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 5 Determinants of Demand What factors determine how much ice cream you will buy? What factors determine how much you will really purchase? 1) Product’s Own Price 2) Consumer Income 3) Prices of Related Goods 4) Tastes 5) Expectations 6) Number of Consumers What factors determine how much ice cream you will buy? What factors determine how much you will really purchase? 1) Product’s Own Price 2) Consumer Income 3) Prices of Related Goods 4) Tastes 5) Expectations 6) Number of Consumers

6. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 6 1) Price Law of Demand –The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises. Law of Demand –The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.

7. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 7 2) Income As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease. As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease.

8. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 8 3) Prices of Related Goods Prices of Related Goods –When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes. –When a fall in the price of one good increases the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements. Prices of Related Goods –When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes. –When a fall in the price of one good increases the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements.

9. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 9 4) Others Tastes Expectations Tastes Expectations

10. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 10 The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve  The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.  The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.  The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.  The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.

11. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 11 Table 4-1: Catherine’s Demand Schedule 03.00 22.50 42.00 61.50 81.00 100.50 120.00 Quantity of cones Demanded Price of Ice-cream Cone ($)

12. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 12 Figure 4-1: Catherine’s Demand Curve Price of Ice- Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 2 4 6810 12 0 $3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50

13. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 13 Market Demand Schedule Market demand is the sum of all individual demands at each possible price. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve. Assume the ice cream market has two buyers as follows… Market demand is the sum of all individual demands at each possible price. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve. Assume the ice cream market has two buyers as follows…

14. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 14 03.00 100.50 120.00 Catherine Price of Ice-cream Cone ($) Table 4-2: Market demand as the Sum of Individual Demands + 1 6 7 Nicholas 1 22.50 42.00 61.50 81.00 2 3 4 5 4 7 10 13 16 19 Market =

15. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 15 Price of Ice- Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones D3D3 D1D1 D2D2 Decrease in demand Increase in demand Figure 4-3: Shifts in the Demand Curve

16. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 16 Table 4-3: The Determinants of Quantity Demanded

17. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 17 Shifts in the Demand Curve versus Movements Along the Demand Curve

18. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 18 Price of Cigarettes, per Pack. Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day D2D2 A policy to discourage smoking shifts the demand curve to the left. 0 20 $2.00 D1D1 A 10 B Figure 4-4 a): A Shifts in the Demand Curve

19. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 19 Price of Cigarettes, per Pack. Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day 0 20 $2.00 D1D1 A A tax that raises the price of cigarettes results in a movements along the demand curve. C 12 $4.00 Figure 4-4 b): A Movement Along the Demand Curve