1. The Oceans Nov. 18 Topics Thermohaline circulation –SST; –ocean water masses Wind-driven circulation –Wind-driven upwelling –Surface currents Mundus Subterraneus A. Kirchner, 1665

2. Temperature 0m Stephens et al., NOAA, 2002

3. Salt content of the oceans Source: leaching ions from crustal material. Global river dissolved load is ~0.1 ppt. Residence time: 10 8 yr Salinities for the open ocean fall in the range 33-38ppt (parts per thousand, mass per unit mass) http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/science/physical/salt5.gif

4. Salinity 0m

5. Water masses {sort of like air masses} http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/images/weatherimages.jpg/airmasses.jpg

6. Arctic sea ice http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~arnoldo/ocean405/arcticdrift.jpg At 70N, Tromsö and Hammarfest ice-free year-round FebruarySeptember

7. Deepwater formation processes http://puddle.mit.edu/~helen/oodc.html 1. preconditioning 2. Violent mixing 3. Sinking and spreading Where it happens

8. Zonal average Temperature and salinity Levitus, 1984 Temperature salinity

9. Transport units:

10. Spatial distribution of deep and bottom water masses (Lynne Talley, SIO)

11. Model of the overturning circulation Broecker, 1980s Reproduced in Ocean Circulation

12. Wind-driven circulation

13. Surface winds Trenberth et al., JPO, 1990

14. tropical winds, rain From Ocean Circulation and Climate (OCC)

15. Ekman transport

16. Transports associated with winds

17. Where water piles up:

18. Mean surface currents

19. Simulated sea surface temperature