1. 1 An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations Information Systems in Organizations مقدمه اي بر سيستمهاي اطلاعاتي در سازمانها سيستمهاي اطلاعاتي در سازمانها

2. What is management?  Planning  Organizing  Directing  Controlling  What about Leadership?

3. 3 Data versus Information  Data: Raw facts, such as an employee’s name and number of hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.  Information: A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves

4. Data and information  “A” goes with “D” and “B” goes with “E.”  A. 98,72,87,85,74,83,96  B. 23,27,21,28,31,37,32  C. MIST 2090 Lab Practical  D. Test #1 Scores  E. Early morning temperatures for 1/1/02 to 1/7/01  Where is the CPU (central processing unit)?

5. Data, Information & Knowledge One of the primary goals of Information Systems is to economically process data into information or knowledge. Data items refer to an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored, but not organized to convey any specific meaning. Information is data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient. Knowledge consists of data or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise.

6. What is Information?  According to your textbook, information is data that has been processed into a form that is useful to the user(s) of that data.  Organizing data into information is a process that is especially important to decision making.  What about knowledge?

7. What is a system? A set of interrelated parts, with an identifiable boundary, unified by design to achieve some goal

8. Why Define System?  MIS is concerned with designing systems - Information Systems  Our IS will support businesses and business processes - which can be thought of and modeled as systems

9. General Systems Theory  Began around 1955  Applicable to any theoretical system not just information systems  Important to MIS because it’s propositions suggest human systems can be mapped to computer systems.

10. Example of an Organization as a general system Organization (System) boundary Environment – surrounds the organization (system) inputsoutputs processes Decision makers (control) Feedback Raw Materials Land Capital (money) Information Labor (people) Product Service Waste Pollution

11. What are the Characteristics of a System?  1. Components  2. Inter-related components  3. Boundary  4. Purpose  5. Environment  6. Interfaces  7. Input  8. Output  9. Constraints

12. What is the goal of a system?  Determined by the objectives of the systems designers  Becomes the standard for measurement of quality  Control versus “Out-of-Control”

13. The Automobile as a System  Boundary – physical limits of car  Environment – road conditions, weather, traffic patterns  Inputs – gasoline, air, steering wheel movements, pressure on pedals  Outputs – exhaust, forward and other movements, farhvernugen  Processes – moving, driving, braking, internal combustion  Decision maker – driver, significant other  Feedback – feel of speed and road, blue lights

14. Depiction of an Environment with Interrelated Systems Environment Systems

15. Depiction of a System with Subsystems Environment Subsystem System Boundary

16. 16 What is an Information System?  A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

17. Business Goals Work Practices People Information Technology Processes CBIS Model

18. 18 Types of Data

19. 19 Transforming Data - Information

20. 20 Characteristics of Valuable Information

21. 21 Characteristics of Valuable Information

22. انواع سیستم های اطلاعات: این سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی مبتنی بر رایانه ( CBIS ) می‌باشند.  سیستم پردازش تراکنش (TPS )  سیستم کارگران دانش (KWS )  سیستم اطلاعاتی مدیریت ( MIS )  سیستم تصمیم یار ( DSS )  سیستم اطلاعات اجرایی (EIS )  سیستم اطلاعات حسابرسی ( AIS )  سیستم اطلاعات راهبردی (SIS )  برنامه ریزی منابع سازمانی (ERP )  …

23. Classifications of Information Systems Information Systems can be classified according to;  Organizational Structure ساختار سازماني  Functional Area ناحيه عملياتي  Support Provided  System Architecture  Activity Supported

24. Classification by Organizational Structure  Departmental information systems. Frequently, an organization uses several application programs in one functional area or department. بسياري از اوقات؛ يك سازمان چندين برنامه مورد نياز را در يك محدوده وظيفه اي يا بخشي مورد استفاده قرار مي دهد  Enterprise information systems (EIS). While a departmental IS is usually related to a functional area, the collection of all departmental applications when combined with other functions’ applications comprises the enterprise wide information system. هنگاهي كه يك سيستم اطلاعاتي اداري يطور معمول به يك محدوده وظيفه اي، متصل و جاري شده باشد پاسخگويي به همه نيازها و درخواستهاي اداري؛ موقعي امكان پذير است كه آن سيستم با ديگر سيستمهاي كسترده اداري سازمان درگير و مرتبط شده باشد  Interorganizational systems. Some information systems connect several organizations.

25. Classification by Functional Area The major functional information systems are the following:  The accounting information system  The finance information system  The manufacturing (operations/production) information system  The marketing information system  The human resources management information system

26. Classification by Support Provided The major types of systems under this classification are:  Transaction processing system (TPS)  Management information system (MIS)  Knowledge management system (KMS)  Office automation system (OAS)  Decision support system (DSS)  Enterprise information system (EIS)  Group support system (GSS)  Intelligent support system

27. Transaction Processing  Transaction processing systems (TPS) support the monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of the organization’s basic business transactions. They provide the input data for many applications involving other support systems. The transaction processing systems are considered critical to the success of any organization. The TPS collects data continuously, frequently on a daily basis, or even in “real time”.

28. سيستمهاي پردازش رخداد بطور کلي اولين مدخل ورود به سيستمهاي اطلاعاتي مي باشد. مجموعه اي از اطلاعات مانند فروش، توليد،خريد، اطلاعات مشتريان محصول ، سفارشات ، کارکنان و...... در آن ثبت و نگهداري مي گردد.  چرا TPS)) عمومي ترين نوع سيستمها هستند؟ بدليل اينکه اغلب اطلاعات پايه در آن براي تصميم سازي گردآوري مي گردد.  بطور کلي در يک TPS)) کاربردي داريم :  ورودي : تراکنشها، رويدادها  فرايند : بهنگام سازي  خروجي : گزارشات خام ناشي از وروديها و اطلاعات بهنگام شده  کاربران : کارکنان عملياتي Transaction Processing Systems ( TPS )

29. MI S MIS FILES SALES DATA UNIT PRODUCT COST PRODUCT CHANGE DATA EXPENSE DATA MIS REPORTS MANAGERS TP S Order Processing System Materials Resource Planning System General Ledger System ORDER FILE PRODUCTION MASTER FILE ACCOUNTING FILES TPSاطلاعات MISکاربردي است براي

30. OK, so what is MIS?  MIS is the management of processes, people, information, and technology in order to accomplish a goal. (Dr. Huber)  How does this apply to businesses and other organizations?

31.  يک سيستم اطلاعاتي بعنوان مکانيزمي است که خلاصه اطلاعات سازمان را بمنظور حمايت از عمليات مديريت سازمان در جهت اتخاذ تصميم برنامه ريزي استراتژيک ، تاکتيک و عملياتي و کنترل سازماني از طريق ايجاد ، ذخيره سازي ، بازيابي و توزيع اطلاعات مناسب ، دقيق ، سريع و صحيح در اختيار مديران قراردهد. به عبات ديگر سيستمي است که داده ها و اطلاعات مورد نياز مديران را تهيه و دراختيار انها مي گذارد. ضمنا تعيين مي نمايد که چه اطلاعاتي ، درچه زماني و در چه مکاني و شرايطي بايد به مدير داده شود تا او با صرف کمترين هزينه و امکانات وبا دراختيار داشتن فرصت ، مبادرت به اتخاذ مناسبترين تصميم نمايد.  ورودي : اطلاعت با حجم بالا  پردازش : مدلهاي ساده  خروجي : گزارشات خلاصه شده  کاربران : مديران مياني  مثال : گزارش خلاصه بودجه سالانه MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)

32.  سيستمهاي مبتني بر کار دانش : سيستمهايي هستند که به کمک انها کاربران حرفه اي با استفاده از دانش بالا سعي در ابداع و يا ايجاد خلاقيتهاي فکري مي نمايند.  سطح متخصصين  ورودي : اطلاعات طراحي ( طراحي معماري / طراحي اتومبيل / طراحي قطعه )  پردازش : مدل سازي  خروجي : طرحها و نقشه ها  کاربران : کارکنان متخصص KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)

33.  سيستمهاي پشتيباني تصميم گيري سيستمهايي هستند که به مديران در تصميماتي استراتژيک ومنحصر بفرد که نسبتا ساخت يافته نمي باشند کمک مي نمايند.  سطح مديريت  ورودي : اطلاعات با حجم کم  پردازش : تعاملي  خروجي : تجزيه وتحليل تصميم  کاربران : کارمندان ، خبرگان  مثال : تجزيه وتحليل هزينه توليد، هدف يابي Decision Support Systems (DSS)

34. اعضای دیگر گروه پایگاه داده محیط بیرونی سازمان حل کنندگان مشکل سیستم تصمیم یار : توضیحات دادهاطلاعات ارتباطات ساختار کلی یک DSS نرم افزار گزارش نویس محیط بیرونی سازمان مدل ریاضی سیستم نرم افزار

35. Executive Information System (EIS)  EIS نوع خاصی از DSS است که به تصمیم گیری در سطوح بالای سازمانی کمک می کند.  EIS به مدیران سطح بالای سازمان تصویر دقیقی از عملکرد سازمان و خلاصه ای از فعالیت های رقبا را نشان می دهد.  کار کردن با این سیستم راحت است و اطلاعات را به گونه‌ای ارائه می‌دهد که به راحتی قابل دریافت می‌باشند.( بصورت گراف ، نمودار و...)

36. EIS (cont.)  این واژه برای اولین بار در دهه 1970 در دانشگاه MIT مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.  EIS اولین بار توسط شرکتهای بزرگ به منظور ایجاد تمایز رقابتی به کار گرفته شد.

37. فعالیت های پیش نیاز EIS سیستم های خرید و کارآیی استانداردهای IT نیازهای اطلاعاتی تحلیل سازمان نقشه سیستم اطلاعاتی مدل داده‌ای شرکت EIS

38. در دسترس قرار دادن اطلاعات شرکت اطلاعات درخواستی پایگاه داده اجرایی پایگاه داده وایسته به شرکت نامه های الکترونیکی کتابخانه نرم افزاری اخبارو توصیف وضعیت جاری داده ها و اطلاعات خارجی نمایش اطلاعات Workstation اجرایی پردازنده مرکزی وابسته به سازمان ساختار یک EIS Workstation های اجرایی دیگر

39. Early 1950s 1960s Late 1960s Early 1970 Transaction processing system (TPS) Management information systems (MISs) Office automation system (OAS) Decision support system (DSS) Evolution of Support Systems (cont.)

40. Early 1980s Executive information systems Enterprise information systems (EISs) Group support systems (GSSs) Mid- 1980s Expert systems (ES) Knowledge management systems (KMS) 1990s Artificial neural networks (ANNs)

41. تاريخچه سيستمهاي اطلاعاتي بر مبناي کامپيوتر Computer Based Information Systems 1940 Scientific, military applications 1950 Routine business applications, TPS 1960 MIS, office automation 1980 Client/server executive information system, PC’s, AI, Groupware 1970 DSS, LANs 1990 Integration, intelligent systems the Web, intranets, extranets, ERP software 2000 Internet, Electronic commerce, Smart systems

42.  سيستمهاي پشتيباني اجرايي : سيستمهايي که به مديران ارشد سازمان در نحوه اجراي فعاليتهاي استراتپيک شرکت کمک مي کنند.  سطح استراتژيک  ورودي : اطلاعات انبوه  پردازش : تعاملي  خروجي : گزارشات پروژه اي  کاربران : مديران ارشد  مثال : برنامه اجرايي 5 ساله سازمان EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)

43. STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIS)  سيتمهاي اطلاعات استراتژيک : سيستمهايي هستند که ميتوانند در تغيير دادن هدفها، عمليات ، توليد، خدمات سازمان دردستيابي به مزيت رقابتي سازمان موثر باشند.  SIS ميتواند در هر سطح سازمان استفاده گردد.  مشکل اين است که عليرغم سودمندي ، مزيت رقابتي پيشنهاد شده توسط هر SIS ممکن نيست در يک رنج بلند مدت سوددهي را تضمين نمايد.  جهت بکاربستن sis دريک سازمان بايد فهميد کجا فرصتهاي استراتژک پيدا مي شود. مدل نيروهاي رقابتي – مدل زنجيره عرضه را بکارگرفت

44. سيستمهاي اطلاعات استراتژيک STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIS) چهار استراتژي مي تواند با نيروهاي رقابتي در نظر گرفته شود. - تولبدات متمايز - ايجاد محصول وخدمات منحصر بفرد - مثل عمليات بانک داري ديجيتالي و online - تمرکز تمايز براي تعيين يک محصول يا خدمات منحصر بفردي که سازمان مي تواند در يک راه منحصر بفرد بوجود آورد. مثل شرکت کامپيوتردل - سوييچ روي هزينه ها - سازمانها با ايجاد رابطه با مشتريان و عرضه کنندگان خودمي توانند عرضه کنندگان را واداربه تحويل محصول بر اساس زمان بندي نمايند. - توليد با هزينه پايين - تامين کالا ها و خدمات پايين تراز قيمت رقيب مدل نيروهاي رقابتي

45. Strategic Information System ( SIS )  تولید مزیت رقابتی  ایجاد توانایی ترقی دادن روش های پیشرفت و مدیریت سازمان سهیم بودن در اهداف راهبردی بطور محسوسی کارآیی و بهره‌وری را افزایش می‌دهد.  نمای بیرونی SIS محصول جدید، پیروزی در رقابت و...  نمای درونی SIS افزایش بهره‌وری ، روحیه همکاری ، ارتباطات و...  مدل آن Game Theory است.

46. اجزای SIS : 1.برنامه ریزی دراز مدت - مشخص کردن اهداف 5 تا 10 ساله 2.مدیریت واکنش‌ها - واکنش به فعالیت‌ها در زمان‌های بحرانی 3.نوآوری - عمل اصلی SIS - یک نوآوری موفق تهدیدی برای رقبا است.

47. مدل بکاررفته توسط Porter در SIS  بازیگران هر زمینه رقابتی را لیست کنیم.  تصمیمات رقبا در هر زمینه لیست شده را شرح دهیم.  یک استراتژی برای مقابله با رقبا تدوین کنیم.  از IT برای حمایت از استراتژی خود استفاده کنیم.

48. Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP )  یک سیستم مبتنی بر رایانه است که میتواند کارهای استاندارد حسابرسی در تمام بخشهای سازمان را به یک روش هماهنگ انجام دهد.  هدف این سیستم جمع آوری و انتشار داده برای همه فرآیندهای سازمانی می باشد.

49. اجزای ERP  یک برنامه نرم افزاری مجتمع ( Integrated)  یک پایگاه داده  اطلاعات به اشتراک گذاشته شده و ردوبدل شده.  سفارشات مشتری، تکمیل سفارشات، صدور صورتحساب و حمل و نقل را خودکار می‌کند.  نگهداری سوابق

50. روند تکامل ERP :  اولین سیستم های اطلاعاتی در دهه 1960 TPS ها بودند.  MIS ها  Manufacturing requirements planning (MRP) برای حل مسائل پیچیده کنترل انبارداری و دفاتر تولید شد.  MRP II یک سیستم اطلاعاتی است که شامل جریان کالا از فروشنده، در طول کارخانه و رسیدن به دست مشتری است.

51. ادامه روند تکاملی ERP :  ERP ها گام بعدی بودند : تمام اطلاعات فرآیندهای درون سازمانی را هماهنگ کردن. احتیاج به یک منبع سخت افزاری گسترده، نرم افزارهای سطح بالا، سیستم‌های مدیریت پایگاه داده و کاربران خبره دارد.

52. مدل نيروهاي رقابتي COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL شرکت رقابت تجاري ورود بازار جديد تامين کنندگان مشتريان جايگزيني توليد و خدمات

53. Interrelated Support Systems

54. Classification by System Architecture Information systems can be classified according to three types of architecture:  A mainframe-based system.  A standalone personal computer (PC).  A distributed or a networked computing system (several variations exist).

55. Functional MISs  Functional Management Information Systems (MISs) are put in place to ensure that business strategies come to fruition in an efficient manner.  Typically a functional MIS provides periodic information about such topics as operational efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity by extracting information from the corporate database and processing it according to the needs of the user.  MISs can be constructed in whole or in part by end-users.  MISs are also used for planning, monitoring, and control.

56. Functional MISs Sales forecast by region generated by marketing MIS.

57. Classification by the Activity Supported  Another important way to classify information systems is by the nature of the activity they support. Such support can be: Operational – Day-to-day operations of an organization Managerial – Middle-management activities such as short-term planning, organizing, and control Strategic – Decisions that significantly change the manner in which business is being done

58. New Strategic Systems  Electronic commerce (EC) has become a new way of conducting business in the last decade or so. In this new model, business transactions take place via telecommunications networks, primarily the Internet. e-Commerce provides organizations with innovative and strategic advantages, such as; Increased market share Better ability to negotiate with suppliers Better ability to prevent competitors from entering into their territory

59. Information Systems & People

60. Information Infrastructure There are five major components of the infrastructure:  Computer hardware  Development software  Networks and communication facilities (including the Internet and intranets)  Databases  Information management personnel

61. Information Architecture  Information architecture is a high-level map or plan of the information requirements in an organization.  In preparing information architecture, the designer requires two kinds of information: 1. The business needs of the organization —that is, its objectives and problems, and the contribution that IT can make. 2. The information systems that already exist in an organization and how they can be combined among themselves or with future systems to support the organization’s information needs.

62. Types of Information Architecture  Mainframe environment. In the mainframe environment, processing is done by a mainframe computer. The users work with passive (or “dumb”) terminals, which are used to enter or change data and access information from the mainframe.  PC environment. In the PC configuration, only PCs form the hardware information architecture.  Networked (distributed) environment. Distributed processing divides the processing work between two or more computers.

63. 63 Information System Components  Input: the activity of gathering and capturing raw data  Processing: converting or translating data into useful output  Output: production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports  Feedback: output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities

64. 64 Computer-Based Information Systems  A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

65. 65 Components of a CBIS

66. 66 Growth of Business-to-Business E- Commerce

67. 67 Business Information Systems  Electronic Commerce  Transaction Processing Systems  Information and Decision Support Systems  Special Purpose Business Information Systems

68. 68 Electronic Commerce  Any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C), business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector. Also a new aspect (C2C), people trading on-line.

69. 69 Transaction Processing Systems  An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions. (Transactions are any business- related exchange)

70. 70 Payroll Transaction Processing System

71. 71 Information and Decision Support Systems  Management Information Systems (MIS) An information system used to provide routine information to managers and decision makers  Decision Support System (DSS) An information system used to support problem- specific decision making

72. 72 Management Information Systems

73. 73 Decision Support Systems

74. 74 Special-Purpose Information Systems  Artificial Intelligence (AI)  Expert System (ES)  Virtual Reality

75. 75 Artificial Intelligence  A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence

76. Definition of Intelligence It is very essential to define intelligence for the sake of developments of artificial intelligence system

77. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) ?  AI is that part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer system capable of exhibiting all the characteristic that we associate with intelligence  AI is that part of computer science that investigates symbolic, non-algorithmic reasoning process and the representation of knowledge for use in machine inference

78. 78 Major Elements of AI

79. 79 Expert System  A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and act as an expert in a particular field

80. Introduction to Expert Systems Expert System is a program that contains a large body of knowledge concerning one special field, this having been provided by one or more human experts in that filed and it is able to achieve the same performance in problem-solving as those experts. To solve the problem, the Expert System simulates the human reasoning process by applying specific knowledge and inferences

81. What is an Expert System ? An Artificial Intelligence System created to solve problems in a particular domain (like Broadcast Transmitter) is called an Expert System An Expert System for a Broadcast Transmitter is an intelligent computer program that is capable of performing at the level of a transmitter expert

82. An ideal Expert System contains the following  Application of search techniques  Support for heuristic analysis  Capacity to infer new knowledge from existing knowledge  Symbolic processing  Ability to explain its own reasoning

83. Advantage of Expert System  The knowledge used for problem solving is transparent and is isolated from the inference strategies  It provides explanations for the conclusions it arrives as it could be used for tutoring  It act as a systematizing repository of knowledge of many experts thus perform at a higher level than any single human expert

84.  It enable us to capture the knowledge of cooperating experts and use it for posterity  This technology allows the development of expert system in narrow domains in one-tenth the time required for developing equivalent systems using conventional programming techniques Advantage of Expert System

85. 85 Virtual Reality  Immersive virtual reality, which means the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.  It may represent a building, human anatomy, or any other three-dimensional setting

86. 86 Head-Mounted Display  First device to provide an immersive experience

87. 87 Data Glove  Allows for manipulation of objects in a virtual world

88. 88 Systems Development  The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems  Includes: Systems investigation Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems maintenance and review

89. 89 Organizations and Information Systems  Organization A formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals  Value Chain A series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service

90. 90 General Model of an Organization

91. 91 Manufacturing Value Chain

92. 92 Technology Diffusion and Infusion  Technology diffusion A measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an organization  Technology infusion The extent to which technology is deeply integrated into an area or department

93. 93 Competitive Advantage  A significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition What is Wal-Mart's major competitive advantage?

94. 94 Strategic Planning  Altering the industry structure (Microsoft)  Creating new products and services (3M)  Improving existing product lines and services (Saturn, MCI, )  Using information systems for strategic purposes (Taco Bell)

95. 95 Productivity  A measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement  Productivity ratio=(Output/Input) x 100%

96. 96 Quality  The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations

97. 97 Return on Investment (ROI)  One measure of IS value that investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in information systems technology

98. 98 Information Systems Personnel

99. 99 Three IS Functions  Operations Maintains and supports the use of corporate information systems  Systems Development Development of corporate information systems  Support Provides assistance to users