1. An example of hierarchical planning… (2) planning a sequence of communicative rhetorical actions Johanna Moore & Cécile Paris (1993) “Planning text for advisory dialogues: capturing intentional and rhetorical information”. Computational Linguistics 19(4):651-694

2. Discourse Structure: RST It is a hierarchical goal decomposition It organises the content to be presented It includes an explicit representation of coherence relationships It has been shown to be useful to generate texts, multimedia presentations, and to provide a context in which to understand a follow-up interaction. Cécile Paris (CSIRO, Australia)

3. A plan operator’s role during the planning process PLAN OPERATOR effect preconditions body

4. Using planning operators for rhetorical planning PLAN OPERATOR effect preconditions body communicative intention constraints nucleussatellites

5. Extending the planning operators to represent rhetorical structure Name Executive-Briefing-Summary Effect (KnowAbout User ?summary) Constraints And (mode verbose) (user.type == ?user) Nucleus (KnowAbout User ?topic) Satellites RST-Elaboration (KnowAbout User ?add-topic) Cécile Paris (CSIRO, Australia) I.e., in order to have the effect of the ‘user’ knowing about some material (the summary) we can decompose the communicative actions into a nucleus, where the user is informed about the topic and a further elaboration where more topics or added. This is only applicable if we have a particular type of user and we are being ‘verbose’.

6. More detailed example: Persuading the reader/hearer to do something motivation An RST structure

7. Persuading the reader/hearer to do something motivation An RST structure A plan representation EFFECT: (persuaded ?hearer (DO ?hearer ?act)) CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act) NUCLEUS: (forall ?goal (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal)) Adapted from Moore & Paris (1993) ?act?goal ?act?goal

8. Motivating the reader/hearer to do something motivation An RST structure A plan representation EFFECT: (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal) CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act) NUCLEUS: (BELieve ?hearer (STEP ?act ?goal)) Adapted from Moore & Paris (1993) ?goal?act

9. Making the reader/hearer believe something A plan representation EFFECT: (MOTIVATION ?act ?goal) CONSTRAINTS: (?goal is a step towards ?act) NUCLEUS: (BELieve ?hearer (STEP ?act ?goal)) (s / … :speechact assertion … ) An SPL representation An illocutionary act (inform ?hearer ?proposition) a primitive action

10. The actual definitions given by Moore & Paris (1993)

13. Primitive communicative acts (s / … :speechact assertion … ) An SPL representation An illocutionary act (inform ?hearer ?proposition) a primitive action EFFECT: (BELieve ?hearer ?proposition CONSTRAINTS: nil NUCLEUS: (generate (s / proposition …))

14. Plans… … contain primitive communicative acts at their ‘leaves’ primitive acts can be directed ‘executed’ (i.e., carried out) by other components of the computational system … can be used for informing in other modalities apart from language … and can be applied across languages…