1. 1© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Modelling Dynamic Software Architectures using Typed Graph Grammars Antonio Bucchiarone Co-authors: Stefania Gnesi (ISTI-CNR of Pisa) Hernan Melgratti (IMT of Lucca) Roberto Bruni ( UniPi)

2. 2© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Outline of the talk Introduction Related Work Formalization of Dynamicity Characterisation of Dynamism – Programmed – Ad-hoc – Constructible – Reparing Case Study : Automotive Software System Constrained and Self dynamism Final Remarks and Future Works

3. 3© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Introduction

4. 4© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Introduction - I Computer Systems – From isolated “static” devices to highly interconnected machines – Cooperative and coordinated execution – Global Computing Systems (GCS) or network-aware computers Software Architectural models – Structure of a system in terms of computational components – Interaction – Composition patterns – Abstract level without implementation details SA for GCS – Changes at design-time, pre-execution-time or run-time – Dynamic Software Architectures (DSAs)

5. 5© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Introduction - II A variety of definitions of Dynamicity for SA in the literature Programmed – Changes are triggered by the system – Changes are defined at design-time Self-Reparing – Changes are initiated and assessed internally – The system is monitored to determine whether a change is needed – A reconfiguration is automatically performed Ad-hoc – Modifications are initiated by the user as part of a SW maintenance task – They are defined at run-time and are not known at design-time Constructible – It is a kind of ad-hoc mechanism – There is a modification language for describing architectural changes

6. 6© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Objectives To understand the main notions of DSA by abstracting from particular languages and notations To give a uniform formal presentation that is abstract enough We select graph grammars as formal framework – Formal basis and graph representation – Natural way of describing styles and configurations – Largely used for specifying architectures

7. 7© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Related Work Describing SA by using Graph Grammar – Our representation of DSA is borrowed from the Le Métayer approach [’98] – Hirsch et al [’98] ▪ Hyperdges are components and nodes are ports of communication ▪ The reconfiguration is given as context-free productions together with a contraint solving mechanism – Baresi et al [’04] ▪ They use graph transformation systems to model programmed architectural styles at different levels of abstractions. – Other formalisms ▪ Wermerlinger explores the ability of tha CHAM to express the dynamics of SAs [’98] Description of Dynamicity – Self-Repairing ▪ R. Allen et al. [’98], D. Garlan et al. [’02], I. Georgiadis et al. [’02] – Ad-hoc and Constructible ▪ M. Endler [’94] and P. Oreizy [’96] ▪ As a programming language that allows for runtime modification of SAs Previous works aimed at providing real specification/programming/languages We give an abstract characterization of such kind of mechanisms We are interested in understanding how each dynamism is reflected into a graph grammar

8. 8© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Formalization of Dynamicity

9. 9© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Introduction Components and Connectors as hyperedges Ports to which they are attached are nodes We show the ordering of tentacles by labeling the corresponding arrows with natural numbers

10. 10© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Hypergraph = SA A (hyper)graph is a triple H = (N H, E H, Φ H ), where N H is the set of nodes E H is the set of (hyper)edges, and Φ H : E H  N H + describes the connections of the graphs

11. 11© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Typed Hypergraph = Configuration Style: an hypergraph T Configuration: a pair where: – |G| is the underlying graph, and – is a total hypergraph morphism Style: there is one unique type component of components exposing two ports of differents types( port 1 and port 2 ) one connector attached to two ports of type port 1 and one port of type port 2 Configuration

12. 12© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Total Hypergraph Morphism G (configuration) G’ (Style)

13. 13© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Rewriting = Reconfiguration A set of rewriting productions A production is a partial, injective morphism of T-typed graphs p: L→R L and R areT-typed hypergraphs that are called left-hand and right-hand side of the production Given a T-typed graph G and a production p, a rewriting of G using p can be informally described as follow: – Find a (type preserving) match of the left-hand side L in G, identify a subgraph of G that corresponds with L, – Remove from the graph G all the items corresponding to the left-hand side that are not in the right-hand side, – Add all the items of the right-hand side that are not in the left-hand side – The elements that are both in L and R are preserved by the rewriting step

14. 14© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Example of Productions Remove an existing connector and add a new connector that is attached to the original ports in a specular way with respect to the original one Productions with Negative Application Conditions The new connector can be added to the configuration if and only if no other connector of type connector is already attached in a specular way

15. 15© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Typed Graph Grammar = SA An Architecture will be described by a T-typed graph grammar – G = where: ▪ G in is the initial (T-typed) graph ▪ T defines the style ▪ P is a set of productions G → * G’ to denote that there exists a possible empty sequence of derivation step from G to G’ using the productions in P

16. 16© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Characterisation of Dynamism Characterization of different forms of dynamism in SA in terms of graph grammars – Programmed – Repairing – Ad-hoc – Constructible Given a grammar G = we define: – The set R(G) of reachable configurations ▪ All configurations to which the initial configuration G in can evolve ▪ – The set D p (G) of desirable configurations ▪ The set of all T-typed configurations that satisfies a desired property P ▪

17. 17© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Programmed dynamism - Modeling All architectural changes are identified at design-time and triggered by the system itself A programmed DSA A is associated with a grammar G A = – T stands for the style of the architecture – G in is the initial configuration – P is a set of productions gives the evolution of the architecture The grammar fixes the types of all elements in the architecture, and their possible connections The productions state the possible way in which a configuration may change Programmed Dynanism provides an implicit definition of desirable configurations D P (G) = R(G)

18. 18© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Programmed dynamism - Verification Consider the set of desirable configuration D P (G), it should be possible to know whether: – The specification is correct, in the sense that any reachable configuration is desirable. This reduces to prove that – The specification is complete, in the sense that any desirable configuration can be reached. This correspond to prove that – Programmed dynamism provides an implicit definition of desirable configurations.

19. 19© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Repairing dynamism - Modeling Repairing systems are equipped with a mechanism that monitors the system behavior. If a deviation exists, the system itself is in charge of adapting the configuration G A = P = P pgm U P env U P rpr P pgm describe the normal, ideal behavior of the architecture – G’ A = is a programmed DSA P env model the environment – “ the communication among components may be lost” – “ a non authorized connector become attached to a particular component” P rpr indicate the way in which an undesirable configuration can be repaired in order to become a valid one

20. 20© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Repairing dynamism - Verification – The specification is correct. This reduces to prove that – The specification is complete. This correspond to prove that “..whether the set of repairing rules assures that for any configuration that is reachable but not desirable there exists a sequence of reparing rules that move the configuration to a desirable one” – In addition : “..whether the set of repairing rules assures that for any configuration that is reachable but not desirable there exists a sequence of reparing rules that move the configuration to a desirable one”

21. 21© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Ad-hoc and Constructible dynamism Ad-hoc – The architecture evolves freely by adding and removing components and connectors – Typed grammar with an infinite number of hyperarcs (components and connectors) – The set of Production is infinite, it must allow ▪ adding/removing any kind of components and connectors Constructible – The rewriting productions are not free combination of basic primitives ▪ Full-fledged programs written in some specific language

22. 22© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Automotive Case Study

23. 23© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Overview R&D in vehicle production = Automotive Software Vehicles equipedd with a multitude of sensors and actuators Mobile technology – Connection to the telephone and internet infrastructure Communication – Inside a vehicle (intra-vehicle) – To vehicles in the vicinity (inter-vehicle) – With the environment through an Internet Gateway (vehicle-env)

24. 24© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Car Assistance Scenario - I Components: Vehicle (V): responsible for transmitting messages destined to the assistant server. Accident Assistant Server (S): handles help requests Connectors: (V/V) : used for mediating the communication between two vehicles (V1/V2) (V/S) : used for supporting the interaction between a vehicle and a server (V1/S) SV1V1 V2V2 V 1 /S V 1 /V 2

25. 25© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Car Assistance Scenario –II Architectural Style A configuration

26. 26© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Programmed Dynamism Architectural Style P1: New vehicle connected to the server P2: Vehicles approximation Initial configuration The set of desirable configurations consists of all configurations in which – Each vehicle has a unique, acyclic communication path with the unique server – Each vehicle port has attached at most one connector

27. 27© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Repairing Dynamism The communication between vehicles is not reliable and can be lost The architecture should repair itself in order to provide unconnected components with a link to a server G A = P = P pgm U P env U P rpr – P pgm contains the same productions ad defined in Programmed Dynamism P env : a unique production which models the loss of connectivity between vehicles P rpr : when a vehicle is without outcoming connections, it is connected directly to the server

28. 28© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Constrained and Self Dynamism Whether the application of a transformation rule can take place – At any moment or not? – Constrained vs Unconstrained Whether changes are fired internally (self) by the system or activated externally (external)

29. 29© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Final Remarks

30. 30© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Conclusions We have characterized different aspects of dynamic reconfiguration – Programmed, Repairing, Ad-Hoc, Constructible – Graph rewriting systems – Completeness and correctness of the architectural specification Programmed – Correctness : P holds in every reachable configuration – Completness: any configuration satisfying P is reachable Repairing – Some reachable configurations may be non desirable – Those configurations should be transformed into a desirable one by using repairing rules. Ad-hoc and Constructible – More limits, every configuration is potentially reachable – Infinite configurations (self-dynamism) – External Dynamism ▪ Ex: if a particular transformation or configuration program selected by a programmer produces a desirable configuration.

31. 31© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Future Work - I Verification of Properties for each dynamicity – Programmed and Reparing – Non-Functional Properties ▪ System Realiability and Availability – Telecommunication Case Study ▪ SWARCES: Software Architecture for Embedded Systems ▪ Multi Service Access Network Element System (MSAN) DSAM&A – Eclipse-based framework to model and verify DSA – Integrated with ▪ Alloy by D. Jackson et al. (MIT) or ▪ DynAlloy by Marcelo F. Frias et al. (Universidad de Buenos Aires)

32. 32© Nokia Siemens Networks GT-VC07 – Lisbon / Antonio Bucchiarone / 03-09-2007 Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Future Work - II

33. 33© Nokia Siemens Networks Antonio Bucchiarone Marie Curie Host Fellowships for the Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Questions!