1. Unit 1: Biochemistry Part III: Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates

2. Organic Molecules Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon that are found in living things Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon that are found in living things

3. Isomers Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula, but different 3D structures and hence different physical/chemical properties. Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula, but different 3D structures and hence different physical/chemical properties. Structural Isomers Structural Isomers Geometrical Isomers Geometrical Isomers Stereoisomers Stereoisomers

4. Functional Groups These are the portions of an organic molecule that are usually involved in chemical reactions. These are the portions of an organic molecule that are usually involved in chemical reactions. They give characteristic properties to whatever molecules they are a part of and do the same job regardless of what they are attached to. They give characteristic properties to whatever molecules they are a part of and do the same job regardless of what they are attached to.

7. Energy Factor Bond strength is measured by the amount of energy required to break the bond. Bond strength is measured by the amount of energy required to break the bond. Covalent bonds are strong, stable, require lots of energy to break. Covalent bonds are strong, stable, require lots of energy to break. Once covalent bonds break, they form new covalent bonds again quickly. Once covalent bonds break, they form new covalent bonds again quickly. Depending on the temperature, pressure, and nature of other reactants, the same compounds or new ones are formed. Depending on the temperature, pressure, and nature of other reactants, the same compounds or new ones are formed.

8. Carbon Backbone Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms (it has 4 valence electrons). Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms (it has 4 valence electrons). Carbon can form single, double, and/or triple covalent bonds with itself and other atoms. Carbon can form single, double, and/or triple covalent bonds with itself and other atoms.

9. Hydrocarbons Compounds that consist solely of H and C Compounds that consist solely of H and C These are the backbones to which functional groups are attached These are the backbones to which functional groups are attached Examples Examples Methane (CH 4 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Cyclohexane (6 carbon ring C 6 H 12 ) Cyclohexane (6 carbon ring C 6 H 12 )

10. Other Organic Elements Oxygen: as O 2, makes up 21% of atmosphere and is found in a majority of organic compounds Oxygen: as O 2, makes up 21% of atmosphere and is found in a majority of organic compounds Nitrogen: found in all proteins and nucleic acids, as well as 79% of atmosphere (N 2 ) Nitrogen: found in all proteins and nucleic acids, as well as 79% of atmosphere (N 2 ) Phosphorus: essential in phosphates (important for energy molecules) Phosphorus: essential in phosphates (important for energy molecules) Sulphur: occurs in some proteins and are useful in sulphydryl groups for bonding Sulphur: occurs in some proteins and are useful in sulphydryl groups for bonding

11. Carbohydrates Most have empirical formula: Most have empirical formula: C(H 2 O) n Composed of covalently bonded atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Composed of covalently bonded atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

12. Structure of a Simple Carbohydrate GlucoseRibose

13. Monosaccharides Basic unit of a carbohydrate Basic unit of a carbohydrate Simple sugar Simple sugar Burned to release CO 2, water, and energy Burned to release CO 2, water, and energy Principle source of energy for organisms: glucose Principle source of energy for organisms: glucose Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 Called a monomer (simple and small molecule) Called a monomer (simple and small molecule) Can be attached together to form polymers Can be attached together to form polymers

14. Carbohydrate Reactions Polysaccharides can be formed by attaching monosaccharides together: Polysaccharides can be formed by attaching monosaccharides together: Condensation Reaction: joining 2 smaller organic compounds to form a larger organic molecule and release water Condensation Reaction: joining 2 smaller organic compounds to form a larger organic molecule and release water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 -----  C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O (glucose + fructose energy sucrose + water)

15. Carbohydrate Reactions Hydrolytic Cleavage (Hydrolysis): splitting a larger organic molecule (polymer) into two smaller organic molecules with water Hydrolytic Cleavage (Hydrolysis): splitting a larger organic molecule (polymer) into two smaller organic molecules with water These reactions liberate energy These reactions liberate energy This is what happens in when you digest polysaccharides and your body must break them down into monosaccharides This is what happens in when you digest polysaccharides and your body must break them down into monosaccharides

16. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond between monosaccharides) Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond between monosaccharides) glucose + glucose = maltose glucose + fructose = sucrose

17. Polysaccharides Multiple monosaccharides glycosidically linked Multiple monosaccharides glycosidically linked Glycosidic linkages can be oriented differently in space Glycosidic linkages can be oriented differently in space Alpha or Beta linkage Alpha or Beta linkage Examples: Examples: Starch Starch Glycogen Glycogen Cellulose Cellulose Pectin and carrageenan Pectin and carrageenan Chitin Chitin

18. Polysaccharide