1. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Overview u Welfare Economics u Consumer Surplus u Producer Surplus u Market Efficiency

2. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Equilibrium Revisited Does the equilibrium price and quantity result in the maximum total welfare of buyer and seller? S D PEPE QEQE

3. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Equilibrium Revisited Does the equilibrium price and quantity result in the maximum total welfare of buyer and seller? u Market equilibrium illustrates the way markets allocate scarce resources. But does it answer whether that market allocation is desirable? Turn to Welfare Economics to answer the question.

4. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Welfare Economics u Is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well being. –Buyers and sellers receive benefits from taking part in the market. –The equilibrium in a market makes the sum of these benefits as large as possible.

5. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Welfare Economics u Equilibrium in the market results in maximum benefits, and therefore total welfare for both the buyer and the seller. u Welfare Economics from the Buyer Side and the Seller Side: –Consumer Surplus –Producer Surplus

6. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Welfare Economics: Consumer Surplus u Market Demand Curve: depicts the various quantities that buyers would want to purchase at different prices. u What determines how much a consumer would be willing to pay (the maximum price) for a good or service? –Answer: The expected benefits received or Utility.

7. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Marginal Utility (MU) is... …the amount of utility (satisfaction) that one more or one less unit of consumption adds to or subtracts from total utility. –Consumers try to obtain the largest possible total satisfaction (utility) from the mix of goods and services they buy with their incomes.

8. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus is... …the maximum amount a consumer will be willing to pay for a good depends upon the expected utility (benefits) of that good. –Willingness to Pay: v The maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. v Measures how much the buyer values the good or service.

9. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus: Verbal Definition u The amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. D

10. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus: Graphical S D P max PEPE QEQE

11. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus: Graphical S D P max PEPE QEQE Consumer Surplus

12. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus and Market Price u The area below the demand curve and above the market price measures the consumer surplus in a market. Hence, –A lower market price will increase consumer surplus –A higher market price will reduce consumer surplus

13. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Consumer Surplus: Mathematically u Maximum Price = $11 u Market Price = $6 u Quantity Purchased = 6 u Assume: Price drops $1 for every additional unit sold. u Consumer Surplus = $15 $51 - $36 = $15 ($11+$10+$9+$8+$7+$6) - ($6 x 6) = $15

14. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition D $11 6 $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 54321 Market Price Quantity Purchased

15. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition D $11 6 $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 54321 Total Consumer Benefits

16. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition D $11 6 $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 54321 Consumer’s Expense

17. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition D $11 6 $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 54321 Consumer Benefit -Consumer Expense CONSUMER SURPLUS! $51 - $36 = $15

18. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus u Market Supply Revisited: –Depicts the various quantities that suppliers would be willing to sell at different prices. –May be viewed as a measure of supplier costs, i.e.. the opportunity cost to the seller of supplying various quantities of the good.

19. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus u Market Supply: The marginal opportunity cost of production increases as market output expands. u Because the producer’s cost is the lowest price he/she would accept it may be considered a measure of his/her willingness to sell.

20. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus: Verbal Definition u The amount a seller is paid minus the cost of production. u Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market. S

21. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus: Graphical S D PEPE QEQE

22. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus: Graphical S D PEPE QEQE Producer Surplus

23. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Producer Surplus: Mathematically u Minimum Price = $1 u Market Price = $6 u Quantity Sold = 6 u Assume: Price increases $1 for every additional unit sold. u Producer Surplus = $15 $36 - $21 = $15 ($6 x 6) - ($1 +$2 + $3 + $4 + $5 + $6) = $15

24. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition S $6 6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 54321

25. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition S $6 6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 54321 Total Producer Benefits

26. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition S $6 6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 54321 Producer Surplus =$15 Producer Costs

27. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Efficiency u Under the assumptions of perfect competition and no externalities, the economic well-being of a society is measured as the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. u Market Efficiency is attained when total surplus is maximized, a point where resource allocation is efficient.

28. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Efficiency S D PEPE

29. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Efficiency S D PEPE Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus

30. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Efficiency: Three observations u Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the buyers who value them most highly. u Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce them at least cost. u Free markets produce the quantity of goods that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus.

31. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Efficiency: Invisible Hand u In a free market system the many buyers and sellers are interested in their own well-being, self-interest. u As market participants are motivated by self-interest a process of coordination and communication takes place so that buyers and sellers are directed to the most efficient outcome. u As if by an Invisible Hand, the free market system reaches efficiency.

32. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Failure u If a market system is not one of perfect competition, control over prices leads to Market Power. –The ability by one buyer or seller to control market price. u Market Power causes markets to be inefficient, and thus fail.

33. Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.7 First Canadian Edition Market Failure u If a market system affects individuals other than buyers and sellers of that market, side-effects are created and called Externalities. –Benefits or costs imposed on a third party who is not the consumer or the producer. u Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail.