1. Social Indicators for the Wellbeing of Children: Complexities and Paradoxes Lenore Manderson Social Science & Health Research Unit Monash University 2nd International Conference of the International Society of Child Indicators University of Western Sydney Parramatta, 4-5 November 2009 1

2. Although > 80% of Namibian women deliver in hospitals, 40% of children < 5 lack birth certificates. Children without birth certificates are especially vulnerable to abuse, trafficking and early marriage, and have less access to government services and schooling. Mobile units move around villages to increase registration and document population changes. Namibia/2009/Bloeman 2

3. UNICEF/HQ98-0464/Balaguer 3

4. Bangladesh/HQ00-0992/Noorani A girl works splitting used batteries for parts in Dhaka. In theory international agencies work to protect children from violence, exploitation and abuse, so to ensure their rights to survival, growth and development. Real change requires structural adjustment beyond the capacity of individual agencies of NGOs. 4

5. Child gardener in Putnam’s American dream - Children as sales workers 5

6. Bangladesh/2008/McCarthy Children work, often in pairs or slightly larger groups, to protect each other while generating enough cash to meet their daily food needs. Millions of children live in absolute poverty 6

7. Janie Sunflower and Class. Cherbourg about 1930 State Library of NSW 7

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9. 12 of a total 48 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa have lost one or both parents to AIDS. They are at high risk of missing out on school, living in homes with insufficient food and suffering from anxiety. UNICEF/HQ05-0710/Nesbitt 9

10. Defining a child 1. young human being: a young human being between birth and puberty 2. human offspring: a son or daughter of human parents 3. somebody not yet of age: somebody under a legally specified age who is considered not to be legally responsible for his or her actions 10

11. UNICEF/HQ96-1400/Pirozzi - Nairobi Caregivers or guardians have died Lost contact with their caregivers - street children, unaccompanied displaced or refugee children. Separated from their parents, eg parents are detained or children are abducted. Placed in alternative care by caregivers, eg. children with disabilities or children from poor families who are placed in care Kept in prolonged hospital care, eg because of health status, such as HIV status. Detained in educational, remand, correctional or penal facilities because of an administrative or judicial decision, eg. suspected or convicted offenders or child asylum seekers. 11

12. Indicators of Social Inclusion, Australia Low rate of labour force participation Low rate of home ownership Experience of violence (particularly women) School retention rising but still comparatively low Lower proportion of students achieving literacy and numeracy benchmarks High rate of homelessness Reduced life expectancy at birth Reduced healthy life expectancy at birth Comparatively poor self-defined health status 12

13. 13 Suli, aged 5, picks blueberries in Michigan 6 year old in North Carolina

14. 14 USA I - Blueberry labour again USA II + Child cleaning toilet with goggles