1. PM in Sweden HC Hansson and Christer Johansson ITM, Stockholm University

2. Questions addressed Q1. Are there significant differences in the PM climate across Europe? Q2. To what extent is PM a transboundary problem? Q3. How well do we understand the major PM components and their origins? Q4. How important are natural PM sources? Q5. To what extent do sources outside of Europe contribute to European PM? Q6. How important is regional PM for urban PM levels? Q7. How well can we link sources to observed PM levels with atmospheric models? Q8. How large are the uncertainties in PM measurements and model predictions? Q9. What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM?

3. Are there significant differences in the PM climate across Sweden? Regional background Urban background

4. Curb side Stockholm Road dust

5. In a small village up north Wood combustion during ground inversion cause large exceedances

6. To what extent is PM a transboundary problem? About 5300 premature deaths in Sweden due to anthropogenic PM. Life span reduction of up to 10 months (Forsberg et al., Ambio 2005) More than 70% of premature deaths and life span reduction are due to regional long distance transport of air pollutants. Influence of long distance transport are likely to be the same for all countries situated in the European air pollution plume. Similarly the influence of LTRAP should be significant in central Europe.

7. How well do we understand the major PM components and their origins? Sulfate Nitrate Ammonium ? OC/EC ? Minerals ? Water About 50% of PM not well understood.

8. How important are natural PM sources? 10 000 measurements over 6 years of size distribution connected with air mass trajectories over background areas gives mass increase to compare with calculated terpene emissions. Facilitates validation of modeling of BSOC Tunved et al., Science 2006

9. OC concentrations according to EMEP

10. To what extent do sources outside of Europe contribute to European PM? Rather turn the question around.

11. To what extent do sources in Europe contribute to outside European PM?

12. How important is regional PM for urban PM levels? 50- 80% is regional PM

13. PM2.5 at regional background, roof top and curb side sites. Regional background dominates even at curb side!! RBG Aspvreten Roof Stockholm Curb Stockholm October 22 -31, 1999 RBG Roof Street

14. How well can we link sources to observed PM levels with models? Sources of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ? Sources of OC/EC, minerals ? Water complicates closure of chemistry and mass Closure of chemistry and mass needed to link PM with sources

15. How large are the uncertainties in PM measurements and model predictions? Only measurements of PM and modeling of PM not useful!! Major components have to be measured and modeled to ensure acceptable accuracy in source – receptor relations! Acceptable for sulfate, nitrate and ammonium OC/EC no standard either for sampling nor analysis Water neither measured nor well modelled Measurements badly needed!!!

16. What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM?

17. PM Monitoring Background Super Sites (EUSAAR)

18. Aerosol parameters for Air Quality and Climate purposes EUSAAR Kick-off Meeting, 19-21 April 2006, Clermont-Ferrand, France EUSAAR Overview National support to ongoing effort EUSAAR

19. What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM? Establishing urban super sites related to cohorts established for FP7 epidemiological studies to come.

20. What improvements are required in PM monitoring, modelling and basic scientific understanding for the assessment of the health and climate impacts of PM? EUCAARI European Integrated Project on Aerosol - Climate - Air Quality Interactions

21. Thank you