1. Myr ago Puzzle: Ice Ages! Occur with a period of ~ 250 million yr Cycles of glaciation within the ice age occur with a period of 40,000 yr Most recent ice age began ~ 3 million yr ago and is still going on!

2. Last Glacial Maximum: 18,000 yr ago 32% of land covered with ice Sea level 120 m lower than now

4. Cycles of glaciation/deglaciation –what cause them?? Milankovitch Hypothesis: they occur due to cyclic changes in the summer insolation of Northern Hemisphere. These cyclic climate changes are, in turn, due to variations in the Earth’s orbital parameters: –Precession (26,000 yr cycle) –Eccentricity (varies from 0.00 to 0.06 with 100,000 and 400,000 yr cycles) –Axis tilt (varies from 24.5 o to 22.1 o with 41,000 yr cycle Milutin Milankovitch 1920

5. axis As a result, planes of the ecliptic and celestial equator make an angle 23.5 o Celestial equator

6. The axis tilt causes the seasons!!

7. Drawn for northern latitudes, these are the paths the sun takes across the sky on the equinoxes and solstices. Can you see that the summer path is longer (and therefore that the summer sun stays in the sky longer)?

8. Seasons - summary 1.Seasons are NOT caused by varying distances from the Earth to the Sun 2.The primary cause of seasons is the 23.5 degree tilt of the Earth's rotation axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic. Note: the Earth is actually closest to the Sun in Northern Hemisphere Winter, on January 4! This reduces seasonal variations in present epoch. The Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere Perihelion: 147.09 × 10 6 km; Aphelion: 152.10 × 10 6 km

10. 26,000 yr cycle

12. Varies from 0.00 to 0.06 (currently 0.017) Periodicity 100,000 and 400,000 yr Eccentricity cycle modulates the amplitude of the precession cycle

13. As a result, the flux of solar radiation received by the Earth oscillates with different periodicities and amplitudes This triggers changes in climate

14. Vostok T max ~ -30 C T min ~ -90 C Ice sheet ~ 3500-4000 m thick