1. Topic 03 Control Statements Programming II/A CMC2522 / CIM2561 Bavy Li

2. Background  Our problem-solving solutions so far have the straight-line property public class DisplayForecast // main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world"); System.out.print(" market for maybe five "); System.out.println("computers. “); System.out.print(" Thomas Watson, IBM, “); System.out.println("1943.“); } }

3. Background  For general problem solving we need more capabilities The ability to control which statements are executed The ability to control how often a statement is executed  Java provides the if and switch conditional constructs to control whether a statement list is executed  Java provides the while and for iteration constructs to control whether a statement list is executed

4. Selection Statements  Using if and if...else Single-selection structure Double-selection structure  Nested if Statements Multiple-selection structure  Using switch Statements  Conditional Operator

5. Basic if statement  Syntax if (Expression) { Action; }  If the Expression is true then execute Action  Action is either a single statement or a group of statements (in block) within braces Expression Action truefalse

6. Example – Basic if statement if (value < 0) { value = -value; }

7. Self-Test Question System.out.print("Enter an integer number: "); int value1 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Enter another integer number: "); int value2 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); // rearrange numbers if necessary if (value2 < value1) { // values are not in sorted order int rememberValue1 = value1; value1 = value2; value2 = rememberValue1; } // display values System.out.println("The numbers in sorted order are " + value1 + " and then " + value2); What happens if the user enters 11 and 28? What happens if the user enters 11 and 4?

8. The if-else statement  Syntax if (Expression) { Action 1 } else { Action 2 }  If Expression is true then execute Action 1 otherwise execute Action 2 Expression Action 1 Action 2 true false

9. Example – Finding maximum values System.out.print("Enter an integer number: "); int value1 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Enter another integer number: "); int value2 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); int maximum; if (value1 < value2) { // is value2 larger? maximum = value2; // yes: value2 is larger } else { // (value1 >= value2) maximum = value1; // no: value2 is not larger } System.out.println("The maximum of " + value1 + " and " + value2 + " is " + maximum);

10. Example – Finding maximum values

11. Multiple Alternative if Statements if (score >= 90) grade = ‘A’; else if (score >= 80) grade = ‘B’; else if (score >= 70) grade = ‘C’; else if (score >= 60) grade = ‘D’; else grade = ‘F’; if (score >= 90) grade = ‘A’; else if (score >= 80) grade = ‘B’; else if (score >= 70) grade = ‘C’; else if (score >= 60) grade = ‘D’; else grade = ‘F’;

12. switch statement

13. Example – Checking vowels switch (ch) { case 'a': case 'A': case 'e': case 'E': case 'i': case 'I': case 'o': case 'O': case 'u': case 'U': System.out.println("vowel“); break; default: System.out.println("not a vowel“); } The break causes an exiting of the switch Handles all of the other cases

14. Example – Simple calculations System.out.print("Enter a number: "); int n1 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Enter another number: "); int n2 = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Enter desired operator: "); char operator = stdin.readLine().charAt(0); switch (operator) { case '+' : System.out.println(n1 + n2); break; case '-' : System.out.println(n1 - n2); break; case '*' : System.out.println(n1 * n2); break; case '/' : System.out.println(n1 / n2); break; default: System.out.println(“Illegal request“); }

15. switch Statement Rules  The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses  The value1,..., and valueN must have the same data type as the value of the switch-expression  The case statements are executed in sequential order  The keyword break is optional to use at the end of each case in order to terminate from the switch statement. But if the break statement is not present, the next case statement will be executed

16. Conditional Operator (Boolean Expression) ? exp1 : exp2

17. Examples – Conditional Operator if (x > 0) y = 1 else y = -1; is equivalent to y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1; if (num % 2 == 0) System.out.println(num + “is even”); else System.out.println(num + “is odd”); is equivalent to System.out.println( (num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” : num + “is odd”);

18. Repetition Statements  Looping: while, do-while and for DO it if and only if condition is true DO it at least one before testing the condition DO it repeatedly until the counter is over  Nested loops  Using break and continue

19. while Loop Flow Chart

20. Example – while Loop Flow Chart int i = 0; while (i < 100) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); i++; }

21. The do-while statement  Syntax do { Action } while (Expression)  Semantics Execute Action If Expression is true then execute Action again Repeat this process until Expression evaluates to false Action true false Expression

22. The for Statement

29. Nested loops int m = 2; int n = 3; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { System.out.println("i is " + i); for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) { System.out.println(" j is " + j); }

30. Nested loops int m = 2; int n = 3; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { System.out.println("i is " + i); for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) { System.out.println(" j is " + j); } i is 0 j is 0 j is 1 i is 1 j is 0 j is 1 i is 2 j is 0 j is 1

31. The break Keyword

32. The continue Keyword

33. break Statement vs. continue Statement  The break Statement It causes an immediate exit from the structures of (while, for, do-while), then execution continues with the next statement  The continue Statement It skips the remaining statement in the body of the structures of (while, for, do-while), and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

34. Using break and continue Discussion on:  Example 3.5 : TestBreak.java Testing a break Statement  Example 3.6 : TestContinue.java Testing a continue Statement

35. Summary  Control Statements  Selection Statements if, if…else, nested if switch conditional operator  Repetition Statements while, do…while, for nested loops break and continue