1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved SECTION 5.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

2. 5-2 INTRODUCTION Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization –Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system –Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

3. 5-3 HARDWARE BASICS Hardware components include: 1.Central processing unit (CPU) 2.Primary storage 3.Secondary storage 4.Input device 5.Output device 6.Communication device

4. 5-4 Central Processing Unit Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor Control unit Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

5. 5-5 Advances in CPU Design Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute – these are faster than CISC chips. Virtualization - a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

6. 5-6 Primary Storage Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

7. 5-7 Primary Storage - RAM Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus –Volatility –Cache memory

8. 5-8 Primary Storage (ROM) Read-only memory (ROM) - the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power, AKA non-volatile. Portable ROM –Flash memory –Memory card –Memory stick

9. 5-9 Secondary Storage Older devices use magnetic tape Optical mediums use laser technology: –Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) –Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive –Digital video disk (DVD) –DVD-ROM drive –Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

10. 5-10 Input Devices –Manual input devices Joystick Keyboard Microphone The textbook lists 4 more types –Automated input devices Bar code scanner Digital camera Magnetic ink character reader The textbook lists 4 more types.

11. 5-11 Output Devices Output device - equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests –Cathode-ray tube (CRT) –Liquid crystal display (LCD) –Printers –The book forgot to list speakers.

12. 5-12 Communication Devices Communication device - equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another –Dial-up access –Cable –Digital subscriber line –Wireless –Satellite

13. 5-13 COMPUTER CATEGORIES Computer categories include: –Personal digital assistant (PDA) –Laptop –Tablet –Desktop –Workstation –Minicomputer –Mainframe computer –Supercomputer

14. 5-14 System Software –Operating system software – runs everything. Mac/OS2 Linux Unix Windows –Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system. Can you give some examples?

15. 5-15 Application Software Types of application software – does user tasks. –Browser –Communication –Data management –Desktop publishing –E-mail –Groupware –Presentation graphics –Programming –Spreadsheet –Word processing

16. McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved SECTION 5.2 Enterprise Architecture

17. 5-17 ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

18. 5-18 Backup and Recovery Backup - an exact copy of a system’s information Recovery - the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure What is the difference between –Fault tolerance –Failover

19. 5-19 Disaster Recovery Cost Curve

20. 5-20 Infrastructure Architecture Flexibility – Changing business needs Scalability – Changes in demand volume Reliability – Information is correct Availability – Percentage of time system is accessible to users. Performance – Speed and throughput Managed by Capacity planning

21. 5-21 Capacity Planning 1 Demand will fluctuate Capacity should at least match peak demand, not average demand

22. 5-22 Capacity Planning 2 Assume you need 110 GB Capacity. Which setup would you prefer? 100 GB Capacity 100 GB Capacity 40 GB Capacity 40 GB Capacity 40 GB Capacity 40 GB Capacity Plus backup of

23. 5-23 APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE Application architecture - determines how applications integrate and relate to each other

24. 5-24 Web Services An Event occurs when a condition exceeds normal limits. It triggers action Event

25. 5-25 THE PORTER FIVE FORCES MODEL

26. 5-26 Porter Model – In Class Exercise Select a company. Analyze its profit potential using the Porter Five Forces model. –Buyer Power –Supplier Power –Substitute Products –Barriers to Entry/Exit –Industry Structure

27. 5-27 The Splane Five Factors Model # of Peoplebuying Enoughof Something at a Pricethat exceeds Costs equals Profits