1. Other Descriptive Research Methods Other Descriptive Research Methods

2. Developmental Research Longitudinal designs -Strengths -Weaknesses Combinations (overlapping) Cross-sectional designs -Strengths -Weaknesses (continued)

3. Developmental Research Methodological problems -Unrepresentative scores -Unclear semantics -Lack of reliability Protecting participants

4. Case Studies Types -Descriptive: Develops a detailed picture -Interpretive: Uses data to classify or conceptualize -Evaluative: Determines merits of practices or events

5. Observational Research What behaviors to observe Who to observe Where to observe How many observations When to observe (continued)

6. Observational Research How to score observations Using videotape -Narrative (continual recording) -Tallying (frequency counting)

7. Unobstrusive Research Collecting data when people don’t know -Nature of cities -Records of people and events Birth certificates Magazines Newspapers Nature of graffiti

8. Correlational Research Explores relationships Characteristics -Nature of participants -Spread of scores Makes predictions Does not establish cause and effect