1. Towards Seamless Navigation Ari Virtanen, Sami Koskinen VTT Industrial Systems P.O.Box 1302, 33101 Tampere Finland ari.virtanen@vtt.fi, sami.koskinen@vtt.fi

2. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Introduction Seamless transition between navigation modes and services for example from car mode  pedestrian mode  indoor mode Switching between positioning systems Switching between navigation applications

3. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Outdoor positioning GALILEO doubles number of satellites in space and is designed for use in Europe GPS future improvements like transmission power increase Assistive technologies will improve availability (AGPS, Pseudolites) E911 regulation drives integration of GPS receivers into a cell phones Receivers become smaller and cheaper Receiver sensitivity is increasing Power consumption is decreasing Navigation applications will have more potential customers Fast Time To First Fix -time is essential in pedestrian applications Patch antennas are not very suitable for pedestrian GPS receivers If satellite positioning become available indoors interest for other indoor positioning methods will decrease

4. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Indoor positioning Several technologies is proposed, accuracies vary from millimeters to tens of meters Positioning technology need infrastructure investments, which must be profitable Technologies that can offer other functions than positioning, such as data transfer, are the most potential candidates Wireless lan and Bluetooth fulfil this requirement Cell phone positioning is too coarse at even outdoor navigation Other problems lack of suitable terminals lack of positioning method standardisation complicated establishment of connection detection of the presence of the positioning service in unknown environment

5. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Wireless LAN positioning  Positioning based on signal strenghts (RSSI) and triangulation or Cell ID  Standard RSSI API and normalized RSSI values needed for compatibility reasons for wlan cards  Positioning engine is manufacturer specific  company specific code is needed in the terminal.  Typical LAN has too few base stations for triangulation  Large cell sizes for Cell ID  Lack of wlan enabled mobile phones

6. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Bluetooth positioning Lot of Bluetooth enabled cell phones on the market Connection to auxiliary positioning devices like GPS, compass or pedometer Local Positioning (LP) profile deals data exchange protocol, not positioning system architecture LP profile propose that terminal side take the initiative of connection for the privacy reasons. Continuous inquiring consumes lot of power Long connection time (n*1.2 s inquiry period + connection time) RSSI is not distance correlated, triangulation is difficult Coordinates received form another Bluetooth device may be incorrect or outdated

7. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Seamless positioning Selection of the best available positioning information Comparison requires same datum and error model Heuristic assumption that the mean of the coordinates is not the best solution In practise situations where more than two positioning results is available is theoretical GPS - wlan or GPS - Bluetooth Application independent positioning API needed at operating system level Geocoding requires databases

8. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Positioning demo implementation Hardware Compaq iPaq Digianswer Bluetooth card Nokia D211 wlan/gprs card Positioning systems Garmin XL12 GPS receiver Bluetooth positioning (VTT) Wlan positioning (Ekahau) GSM positioning (Radiolinja)

9. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Positioning fusion Check availability Read time, coordinates and error estimate Check validity Calculate vote k n : Select

10. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Local area maps Areas with dynamic information, more details and smaller map scale Densely built outdoor areas: city centers, exhibition grounds, amusement parks... Indoors: Commercial centers, airports, train stations, museums... Navigation and guidance, search for area/building service database Targeted for mobile users; use in personal navigation, fire and rescue services, industry, maintenance, guarding, cleaning etc.

11. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Map creation Owner or operator of the target produces Easy-to-use tools Multipurpose result

12. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Map distribution and usage Distributed creation, distributed delivery Specialised map servers Part of the target www-pages Search by location name, address, coordinates or particular service Application is responsible for user interface Different user groups need different information (general public, special groups, maintenance, rescue)

13. VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND MobileVenue ‘04 Athens, Greece Conclusions Seamless navigation is possible, but several problems need to be solved Local area map standardisation, creation and distribution methods Indoor positioning development towards GPS usability: standardisation, methods and service detection. Indoor positioning should be based on technologies which have data transfer as primary function for financial reasons. If satellite positioning become available indoors, it replaces the other indoor positioning technologies. Positioning and network connection interdependence must taken account when indoor navigation service is designed. Datum and error models are very important Geocoding is matter of navigation application, not the positioning system.