2. Orbital forcings The ocean-atmosphere system: primary responses to orbital forcings ATMOSPHERE OCEAN temperature humidity CO 2 winds GLACIAL volume temperature CO 2 currents INTERGLACIAL

3. The oceanic d 18 O record: 80-90% RSL response; 10-20% temperature response?

4. SST changes from LGM to present in coastal waters of N. California (~100 km offshore?)

5. Radiolarian assemblages in core 1019 (989 m water depth) green line = GISP2  18 O record; black line=radiolarian record T1 YD

6. Primary productivity and zones of coastal upwelling image: terra.nasa.gov

7. Pelagic diatom assemblages of the N. Pacific (e.g. Okhotsk Sea cluster = one of three subarctic water masses, shown in black) from: Sancetta & Silvestri (1986) Paleoceanography 1, 163-180. 579 580 V20-119 V20-107 V21-172 RC10-216

8. “Okhotsk cluster” through time

9. RSL -temperature - salinity interactions in the Red Sea Low RSL = hypersaline Red Sea = no planktonic forams from: Rohling et al. (1998) Nature, 394, 162-165.

10. A Heinrich layer (H-1) in a deep-sea core pelagic ooze ooze H - layer (ooze-filled burrows?)

11. Iceberg-rafted detritus (IRD) in H1

13. Heinrich events in the North Atlantic Ocean

15. Oceanographic effects of drifting icebergs >200 m drift cold fresh water nutrient- deficient nutrient-rich detritus

16. Heinrich (5-10 ka) events and Bond cycles (~1.5 ka) in VM23-81

17. N. Atlantic currents: iceberg-drift routes

18. The N. Atlantic ‘gate’ and the ‘binge- purge’ cycle of the Laurentide ice sheet Ocean ‘polar front’ cold warm

19. Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and Heinrich events

20. Thermohaline circulation

21. Binge and purge: is there a Heinrich record in Antarctica? antiphasing?

22. Inferred Late Glacial and Holocene SST (Aegean Sea) from: Geraga et al., (2000), Palaeo 3, 156, 1-17 YD H1 SST C(org)%

23. Sapropel stratum in a core from the eastern Mediterranean (“sapro” = putrid - refers to high C org content); “pel” = mud

24. Episodes of sapropel formation in the last 200 000 years in the eastern Mediterranean from: Kallel et al., (2000), Palaeo 3, 157, 45-58 S1 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 30°N

25. Laminated sapropel deposits from: Kemp et al., (1999), Nature, 398, 57-61

26. Sapropels: annually laminated diatom mats from: Kemp et al., (1999), Nature, 398, 57-61

27. Sapropel formation hypothesis after Kemp et al., (1999), Nature, 398, 57-61. (see Sancetta (1999), Nature 398, 27-29 for discussion) Greater freshwater runoff to eastern Mediterranean (heavy rainfall in Nile headwaters and in Med. Basin); leads to: Enhanced stratification of surface waters, produces ‘nutricline’ across surface halocline; leads to: Massive bloom of diatoms adapted to stratified waters (chiefly Rhizosolenia spp. and Hemiaulus hauckii). Winter mixing of water column causes mass sinking of diatom mats. Mixing brings nutrients to surface, promoting conventional near- surface winter blooms of mixed diatoms.

28. Freshwater sources in the Mediterranean base map from: Kallel et al., (2000), Palaeo 3, 157, 45-58

29. Sapropels and climate of the Nile basin S1a S1b “sapropelic” Eastern Mediterranean sedimentary record* Eastern Saharan sedimentary and archaeological record** * Geraga et al., (2000), Palaeo 3, 156, 1-17 ** Malville et al., (1998), Nature 392, 488-491 arid wet arid 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ka BP

30. Location of core 74 KL in the Arabian Sea

31. 74 KL:  18 O, dust deposition and CaCo 3 production Dust minimum 7850 8850

32. Sahara dust storm over adjacent Atlantic Ocean image: terra.nasa.gov

33. Dust accumulation and palaeoproductivity (core Meteor 12392: on continental rise offshore of Spanish Sahara)

34. Japan Sea dust record Dust source: Mongolia/N. China

35. Iron fertilization experiment: polar Southern Ocean (I) days from: Boyd et al., (2000), Nature 407, 695-702.

36. Iron fertilization experiment: polar Southern Ocean (II)

37. Mechanisms of CO 2 drawdown

38. CO 2 drawdown (Vostok)

39. Iron fertilization experiment: polar Southern Ocean (III)

40. DMS makes clouds “brighter than white” from: Charlson et al., (1987) Nature 326, 655-661

41. Points to consider Ocean/atmosphere temperature - CO 2 - sea ice feedbacks. Continental climates and oceanic responses: dust exports and palaeoproductivity; monsoonal rains and sapropels; glacial surging and THC switching. Palaeoproductivity patterns: consider effects of currents, RSL and marine food chains.