1. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001

3. B. Erik Ydstie

4. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 B. Erik Ydstie Norwegian University of Science and Technology

5. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 B. Erik Ydstie Research in PhotoVoltaics Acknowledgements: Georg Hagen, NTNU Cyrus Zahedi IFE Christian Dethloff ELKEM Gunnar Schussler ELKEM/HiA Bruno Ceccaroli, Scanwafer Paul Sides, Carnegie Mellon

6. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001

7. Overview: PhotoVoltaics in Norway PhotoVoltaics - Primer Market Analysis and Application Areas Research and Development in Norway Elkem/Scanwafer/IFE/NTNU/SINTEF/HiA Summary

8. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PhotoVoltaics: Primer Clean, Renewable Energy from the SUN Silicon: 14-16% Efficiency 0.1 kWp per m 2 100 kWp per ton Silicon Global Energy Consumption filled with 0.1% of desert area covered!

9. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 ARCO Magazine 1989 - cells produced by NAPS

10. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PV Market Development 25-30 % Annual Growth last Years Main Markets Residential Telecommunications Off-Grid Mobile On Grid Power Stations

11. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PhotoVoltaics: Silicon is Material of Choice SiliconTheoretical limit 22% + established technology + availability/stability + known material properties - manufacturing challenges Alternative Materials (Ga/In/Te/As..) + efficiency ( 32% record) + / - toxicity - / + availability - technological challenges 20.1 % Efficiency Amorphous Si /Crystalline Substrate

12. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Cryst Wafers Etch. TCS Dist CVDSiO 2 Red. Silgrain Metallurgical Si - Silgrain 99.5%Electronic Grade Si 1ppb 12,000 tons/year Solar CellsWafersRemelt/Cryst Solar Grade Si 1 ppm Scrap Silicon - tops/tails/rejects… 1200 tons/year

13. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Cost Structure for PV Electricity - 500MWp Installation Module Fabrication Cell Fabrication Wafers Si-Production Crystallization Production StepCost Euro per Wp Si-Production and Crystallization0.28 Wafering0.22 Solar Cell Fabrication0.11 Module Manufacture0.30 Connector Convertor/Insatllation0.78 Total1.69 KPMG/Greenpeace: 500 MWp, 10 yr Depr. 15% ROI

14. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PhotoVoltaics: Feed-Stock Problem ! … solar energy will remain a small and specialized industry that will start to shrink,… Bob Hall, AstroPower 12 % Growth25 % Growth

15. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Cryst Wafers Etch. TCS Dist CVDSiO 2 Red. Silgrain Metallurgical Si - $ 3 per kg Electronic Si - $40-60 per kg Solar CellsWafersRemelt/Cryst Missing Link Solar Grade Aim $ 8-12 per kg Scrap Si - $ 15 -25 per kg

16. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 PV Research and Development - Norway 4 Million inhabitants 150 k sq mi Constitutional Monarchy (1905) Oil/Fish/Gas/HydroPower Largest producer of Silicon in the world Trondheim Glomfjord Oslo Kristiansand/Grimstad

17. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 R&D in Norway: Elkem ASA 4100 Employees Materials Production ( Si/FeSi/Al/C/SiO 2 ) Leading Producer of Silicon for Electronics Solar Grade Research Program Pure Raw Materials Silgrain ++ Crystallization Thin Film Alternative Processes R&D Center in Kristiansand

18. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 R&D in Norway: ScanWafer Located in Glomfjord - 67 o North ! Employees: 100 @ end 2001 6.3 million Wafers Global Market Share 5% Europe 20 % Integrated Wafers Cells Modules Energy R&D 2 bilder

19. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 R&D in Norway: IFE - Kjeller High Purity EG-Si on UMG-Si from ELKEM 12% Efficiency achieved EU Program initiated for LPE/CVD Cyrus Zahedi, Elekem Thin Film:Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth

20. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 R&D in Norway: NTNU/SINTEF-Trondheim New Production Processes (Plasma/Electrolysis…) Storage and Transportation of Energy (Hydrogen) Characterization/SEM... Clean Room/Crystallization Architectural Renewable Energy SunWindWater From Sand to Solar Cells - Industry and NFR

21. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 R&D in Norway: HiA - Grimstad Sun Wind and Hydrogen - Industry and NFR Silane Decomposition for Simplified Poly-Silicon ELKEM ScanWafer IFE Power Companies Prof Egeland HiA

22. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Summary: The Challenge From Small Batch to Integrated Processing Waste Minimization Sustainable Technological Development Systems Engineering and Public Policy

23. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Summary: A Bright Future PV Industry with Ambitious Vision for the Future ScanWafer from Silicon to Solar Cells and Modules ELKEMMajor Supplier of Feedstock University and Institute R&D NTNU/HiA - Competence Building Basic R&D IFE/SINTEF- Process Development, Applied R&D R&D Networks include USA and EU

24. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001