1. | 11.11.04 Slide: 1Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Effects of Friendly Heating system on human thermal comfort in the church Sirkka Rissanen Friendly Heating Research Group Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland EU Contract no. EVK4-CT-2001-00067

2. | Slide: 2 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Introduction  Target church: Parrochia S. Maria Magdalene, Rocca Pietore  Hot air heating was replaced by Friendly Heating System  Heat generated is concentrated on the pew area where people stay  minimal impact on artworks  1st prototype installed in 2002  2nd prototype in 2003/2004

3. | Slide: 3 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health General thermal comfort may be influenced by:  air temperature  mean radiant temperature  air velocity  humidity  metabolic rate  clothing

4. | Slide: 4 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Local thermal discomfort may be caused by:  draught  high vertical air temperature difference between head and ankles  too high radiant temperature asymmetry  too warm or cold surface temperature of the floor

5. | Slide: 5 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health  gender  age  body size and shape  physical fitness  health  adaptation Individual differences

6. | Slide: 6 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Purpose  to assess thermal comfort of people in the church  to define where cold or warm discomfort is focused in the body  to quantify the heat needed for humans to feel thermal comfort in a church by the use of physiological methods

7. | Slide: 7 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Specific goals  the body is neutral – slightly cool  vigilance better  mean and local skin temperatures do not reach discomfort limits  absence of local thermal discomfort  no or minimal draught Tsk > 31°C >20°C > 17°C

8. | Slide: 8 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Questionnaire  four services  thermal sensation and comfort during the services  57 responses  51 % women, 49 % men  over 50 years old: 63 %  tourists: 18 %

9. | Slide: 9 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Questionnaire, results

10. | Slide: 10 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Physiological measurements, volunteers Old heating system 1st prototype 2nd prototype Number9 2 locals 12 5 locals 16 (18) 3 locals Age, years36 ± 11 (25 – 62) 42 ± 20 (13 – 78) 44 ± 13 (25 – 68) Clothing, clo1.5 ± 0.2 (1.2 – 1.8) 1.5 ± 0.1 (1.3 – 1.8) 1.4 ± 0.2 (0.7 – 2.0)

11. | Slide: 11 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Methods Skin temperature measurements  11 sensors  mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calculated  area weighted average of the local skin temperatures forehead chest back forearm hand finger thigh f/b calf foot toeSmart Reader

12. | Slide: 12 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Methods Subjective ratings  thermal sensation  cool – slightly cool – neutral – slightly warm -warm  thermal comfort  comfortable – slightly uncomfortable - uncomfortable  air movement intensity  not at all – very slightly – slightly – definitely – a lot

13. | Slide: 13 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Thermal sensation

14. | Slide: 14 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Thermal comfort

15. | Slide: 15 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Draught, head

16. | Slide: 16 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Mean skin temperature  Comfort 32 – 33 °C  Discomfort < 31 °C ~ neutral < neutral

17. | Slide: 17 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Finger temperature  Comfort 27 – 34 °C  Discomfort < 20 °C sl. cool sl. cool – neutral

18. | Slide: 18 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Toe temperature Discomfort < 17 °C cool slightly cool < neutral

19. | Slide: 19 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Summary graph

20. | Slide: 20 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Conclusions  progress in human thermal comfort has been achieved by the new FHS in the church  whole body thermal sensation of the people is neutral or slightly cool  mean skin temperature varies between 31 and 32 °C

21. | Slide: 21 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Conclusions  feet, unclothed hands and head are still felt slightly uncomfortable  forced vertical convection due to the radiative heating resulted in draught sensation especially in the head  some convective air movements might be unavoidable when radiant heating is used in churches  work for reducing disadvantage of the air movements is going on.

22. | Slide: 22 Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Partners  Dario Camuffo  Emanuela Pagan  Henk Schellen  Dionne Limpens-Neilen  Thank you for your attention!