1. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin CBA OF OPERATING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN PITTSBURGH

2. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Abstract Objective and Motivation Introduction Description of the Model Results Conclusions and Future Plans

3. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Objective & Motivation Monetary Cost Efficiency Availability Feasibility Environmental Impacts CMU Solar House 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin

4. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Renewable Energy Data from the U.S. Renewable energy 8% out of total energy Solar Energy 1% Reference: Web Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ Main Products of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use: Annual energy review: renewable energy section 10.5

5. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin CMU Solar House 2002

6. BP (conventional) Combiner Boxes Charge Controller Batteries AC INV DC 120V Switch PV System

7. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin PV System Key components Conventional Solar panels has 36 cells (photovoltaic cells) Self regulating panels DC-inverter-AC

8. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Cost Benefit Analysis Comparison PV System For a Typical House In Pittsburgh House covered 100% by PV System Hybrid covering the months with highest sun irradiation and House With Classical Grid-Based System

9. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Maximum Sun Irradiation Factor (energy) KWh/ m 2 For the Northeast of the U.S. is 6 KWh/m 2 Web Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/

10. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Description of Model Selection Solar Technology Electricity Consumption Data Characteristics of the Solar Panel (inefficiencies, Max. Capacity) Yearly Consumption of Avg. Household [KWh/yr] Monthly & Daily Consumption in the Months of High Solar Irradiation (choice of 3 and 5) [Watts] Requirement of Energy considering the Solar Insolation Factor for the Region [Watts] Additional Factor from PV Panels (heating vs efficiency) Total No. of Panels from Total Requirement of electricity (Watts) / Net Production per panel (Total Area of Solar Irradiation) Geographical Factors

11. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Factors for Cost Estimates Cost of Panels [ $ / panel] ~ $ 500 USD No. of Panels ~ 44 Approximate Cost of Panels $ 22,000 USD Cost of Batteries [ $ / Battery] No. of Batteries ~ 40% of No. of Panels Total Cost of Batteries $ 8,500 USD Additional Installation Costs Wiring, rack for modules, connection devices, labor work and transportation ~ $ 12,345 USD Total Investment Cost $ 42, 850 USD Year 2002 Total Investment Cost $ 42, 850 USD Year 2002 Additional Costs Additional Cost for Electricity from Grid $ 525 ~ $ 430 USD / yr (with no change in consumption behavior from average household in the U.S.) Compare to the $1,000 USD of yearly spending for future O&M Activities: Replacement of Batteries Bank every 4 Years Cleaning Activities of Panel Array ~ $ 80 USD / Year Replacement of the whole PV System (solar panels, connectors, wiring, batteries, etc.) every 20 years

12. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Case PV covers only in Months with major Sun Irradiation Two Variations: 3 Months with highest Sun Irradiation (June, July, August) 5 Months (May, June, July, August, September) Assumptions for Future Improvements in Technology 20 and 40 yr period : Improved efficiency of panels, capacity of Peak Watts per panel, $ per panel and per battery decreases

13. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Case 2 PV covers only in Months with major Sun Irradiation The actual average cost of Electricity from the Grid ~ $ 0.10 / KWh

14. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Conclusions and Further Estimations – I. Estimated cost of electricity produced by the grid connected PV system ~ 38¢/kWh Data from studies: 25¢/kWh – 50¢/kWh Conventional power plant: 11¢/kWh

15. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Conclusions and Further Estimations – II. Benefits? Increased siting flexibility Decreased installation lead time Installations cause fewer disruptions Improved aesthetics Increased reliability Portability Progressive "green" image

16. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Conclusions and Further Estimations – III. Progressive "green" image “Low environmental impact—they are quiet and nonpolluting (no greenhouse gas emissions).” /Federal Energy Management Program/ We can avoid the environmental impacts (e.g. GHG emission) of the estimated yearly 2,500 - 3,600 kWh electricity production Is this significant compared to the environmental impacts of the PV system?

17. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Conclusions and Further Estimations –IV. How to make it feasible? Net metering Renewable Energy Pilot Program 10% federal tax credit and accelerated depreciation on the PV system Continuous technology improvement

18. CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin Further Information http://www.eren.doe.gov/sunlab http://www.sandia.gov/pv http://www.arc.cmu.edu/carnegie_team http://www1.sedo.energy.wa.gov.au/renewable.asp http://www.trfund.com/sdf http://www.bccf.org http://www.sustainable.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/advisory/renewables/types/sol ar/technologies http://www.solarpaces.org/resources/technologies.html http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin