2. Dean Karlen University of Victoria & TRIUMF IPP Town Hall Meeting June 4, 2005, TRIUMF

3. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 3 The International Linear Collider Next in the line of e + e - colliders at the high energy frontier of particle physics Next in the line of e + e - colliders at the high energy frontier of particle physics SLAC/SLC CERN/LEP

4. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 4 e  e  colliders at the frontier Z 0 threshold W + W  threshold tt threshold HZ 0 threshold? dark matter threshold?

5. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 5 Why Linear? $ circular colliders linear colliders A circular 500 GeV machine would be 170 km around and consume 45 GW

6. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 6 “Energy Frontier” Particle Physics Increasing the collision energy allows for new fundamental processes to be observed and probes matter and space at smaller distance scales Increasing the collision energy allows for new fundamental processes to be observed and probes matter and space at smaller distance scales precision measurements sensitive to mass scales well above  s precision measurements sensitive to mass scales well above  s The two main energy frontier tools in the past three decades: proton colliders and electron colliders The two main energy frontier tools in the past three decades: proton colliders and electron colliders protons are more easily accelerated to high energies because they radiate less synchrotron radiation in a circular accelerator protons are more easily accelerated to high energies because they radiate less synchrotron radiation in a circular accelerator electron interactions are more easily studied because the initial state is simpler electron interactions are more easily studied because the initial state is simpler both tools have been essential to advance our knowledge of fundamental physics: both tools have been essential to advance our knowledge of fundamental physics: discoveries of new phenomena discoveries of new phenomena testing models that account for these phenomena testing models that account for these phenomena

7. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 7 Interplay of proton and electron colliders proton colliders proton colliders electron colliders electron colliders 1980’s: SppS discovery of the Z 0, W , W  1990’s: LEP/SLC detailed investigation of Z 0, W , W  production indirect influence of top quark – definitive prediction of its mass indirect influence of Higgs boson – mass estimated 2010’s: ILC detailed study of the Higgs detailed study of dark matter 2000’s: LHC discovery of the Higgs boson? discovery of the dark matter particle? 1990’s: Tevatron discovery of the top quark

8. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 8 Linear Collider Physics: I The electromagnetic and weak forces are now known to arise from a unifying symmetry in nature The electromagnetic and weak forces are now known to arise from a unifying symmetry in nature most precisely demonstrated by the LEP/SLC experiments most precisely demonstrated by the LEP/SLC experiments The symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces is broken (weak bosons are heavy) The symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces is broken (weak bosons are heavy) The Higgs model is an ad hoc component of the Standard Model that accounts for the broken symmetry – does not explain why The Higgs model is an ad hoc component of the Standard Model that accounts for the broken symmetry – does not explain why it works for low energy processes but falls apart at high energies it works for low energy processes but falls apart at high energies the model predicts that a new particle exists (the Higgs boson) with definite properties the model predicts that a new particle exists (the Higgs boson) with definite properties the ILC will be able to make a large variety of precision measurements that will provide critical data to understand the real nature of electroweak symmetry breaking the ILC will be able to make a large variety of precision measurements that will provide critical data to understand the real nature of electroweak symmetry breaking

9. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 9 The golden processes At LEP, the golden processes for studying the electroweak sector were: At LEP, the golden processes for studying the electroweak sector were: At the ILC, the golden processes for studying the Higgs sector are: At the ILC, the golden processes for studying the Higgs sector are: LEP beam energies were not sufficiently high enough for these process to occur LEP beam energies were not sufficiently high enough for these process to occur

10. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 10 Higgs production at a LC

11. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 11 Linear Collider Physics: II From astrophysical observations, it appears that ~25% of the Universe is “Dark Matter” From astrophysical observations, it appears that ~25% of the Universe is “Dark Matter” neutral, stable, cold (massive), non-baryonic neutral, stable, cold (massive), non-baryonic new physics – a new (conserved) quantum number? new physics – a new (conserved) quantum number? production and detection of dark matter particles at future colliders would be very exciting! production and detection of dark matter particles at future colliders would be very exciting! One possible explanation: supersymmetry One possible explanation: supersymmetry not developed specifically to solve the DM problem! not developed specifically to solve the DM problem! the LSP is an excellent candidate for DM the LSP is an excellent candidate for DM

12. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 12 Dark Matter at the ILC? There are strong hints that dark matter could be produced at the ILC There are strong hints that dark matter could be produced at the ILC SUSY favours sparticle masses below ~ 1 TeV SUSY favours sparticle masses below ~ 1 TeV The dark matter density is consistent with a neutral particle having “weak” strength couplings The dark matter density is consistent with a neutral particle having “weak” strength couplings The LHC has the best chance to discover strongly interacting sparticles (gluinos, squarks) The LHC has the best chance to discover strongly interacting sparticles (gluinos, squarks) challenging study at LHC: initial state is not well known, final state involves a cascade of sparticle decays, with at least two massive invisible particles challenging study at LHC: initial state is not well known, final state involves a cascade of sparticle decays, with at least two massive invisible particles ILC can study the weakly interacting sparticles ILC can study the weakly interacting sparticles LHC+ILC data can “predict” DM relic density LHC+ILC data can “predict” DM relic density

13. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 13 ILC/LHC complementarity Well documented study underway: Well documented study underway: LHC/ILC Study Group: LHC/ILC Study Group: http://www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/~georg/lhclc/ http://www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/~georg/lhclc/ http://www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/~georg/lhclc/ Recent document: Recent document: “Physics Interplay of the LHC and the ILC” “Physics Interplay of the LHC and the ILC” hep-ph / 0410364 hep-ph / 0410364 470 pages: 470 pages: all cases: ILC + LHC data complementary all cases: ILC + LHC data complementary Higgs Physics Strong Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Supersymmetric Models Electroweak and QCD Precision Physics New Gauge Theories Models with Extra Dimensions

14. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 14 Consensus in the HEP community Given the broad range of fundamental physics questions that it addresses, the HEP community sees the ILC to be the next step that is needed to advance the field Given the broad range of fundamental physics questions that it addresses, the HEP community sees the ILC to be the next step that is needed to advance the field over 2700 particle physicists have signed a document supporting the physics potential of the ILC over 2700 particle physicists have signed a document supporting the physics potential of the ILC the US DOE places the ILC as the top priority for mid- term new facilities the US DOE places the ILC as the top priority for mid- term new facilities committees for future accelerators (ICFA,ACFA,ECFA) also put the ILC as their first priority committees for future accelerators (ICFA,ACFA,ECFA) also put the ILC as their first priority

15. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 15 Building the ILC Over the past decade, significant effort has gone into the necessary R&D to design a linear collider to reach the required specifications: Over the past decade, significant effort has gone into the necessary R&D to design a linear collider to reach the required specifications: Centre of mass energy: 500 GeV – 1000 GeV Centre of mass energy: 500 GeV – 1000 GeV requires RF cavities with a large accelerating gradient (>30 MeV/m) requires RF cavities with a large accelerating gradient (>30 MeV/m) Luminosity: > 10 34 cm  s  Luminosity: > 10 34 cm  s  requires large numbers of electrons (> 10 10 ) packed into very small bunches ( 10 4 s  ) requires large numbers of electrons (> 10 10 ) packed into very small bunches ( 10 4 s  )

16. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 16 Building the ILC Two complete designs were prepared that met these requirements Two complete designs were prepared that met these requirements the key feature distinguishing them was the nature of the RF accelerating cavities: the key feature distinguishing them was the nature of the RF accelerating cavities: US + Japan – high frequency, room temperature US + Japan – high frequency, room temperature Germany – lower frequency, superconducting Germany – lower frequency, superconducting international technical review found both suitable international technical review found both suitable In 2004, the International Technical Recommendation Panel selected the superconducting option In 2004, the International Technical Recommendation Panel selected the superconducting option the world’s labs now working towards a single design the world’s labs now working towards a single design

17. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 17 Superconducting accelerator cavities

18. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 18 Possible Tunnel Layout Need a 30 km tunnel to reach energy goal Need a 30 km tunnel to reach energy goal

19. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 19 Damping ring R&D ATF facility in Japan has demonstrated necessary reduction in emittance ATF facility in Japan has demonstrated necessary reduction in emittance

20. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 20 Final focus R&D

21. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 21 Linear collider detector concepts LDC SiD GLD LDC: start from TESLA design Coordinators: Ties Benke: Germany Henri Videau: France Marco Battaglia: USA Dean Karlen: Canada Bob Hsiung: Taiwan Yasuhiro Sugimoto: Japan See: www.ilcldc.org

22. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 22 Linear collider detector challenges Compared to the LHC, the ILC environment is much less severe, but the performance requirements are much more demanding: Compared to the LHC, the ILC environment is much less severe, but the performance requirements are much more demanding: Vertexing:  ip ~ 5  m  5  m/(p sin 3/2  ) Vertexing:  ip ~ 5  m  5  m/(p sin 3/2  ) 1/5 r beampipe, 1/30 pixel area, 1/30 thickness c.f. LHC 1/5 r beampipe, 1/30 pixel area, 1/30 thickness c.f. LHC Tracking:  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 Tracking:  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 1/10 of LHC. 1/6 material in tracking volume 1/10 of LHC. 1/6 material in tracking volume Calorimetry:  E ~ 0.3  E Calorimetry:  E ~ 0.3  E 1/200 granularity of calorimeter c.f. LHC 1/200 granularity of calorimeter c.f. LHC 1/3 SLD 1/10 LEP 1/2 LEP

23. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 23 Vertex detector Precise Si pixel detectors near the collision point Precise Si pixel detectors near the collision point to detect the displaced vertex of particles coming from the decay of a particle with a very short lifetime (less than 10  s) to detect the displaced vertex of particles coming from the decay of a particle with a very short lifetime (less than 10  s) examples: charm, bottom quarks, tau leptons examples: charm, bottom quarks, tau leptons

24. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 24 Tracking detector

25. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 25 Tracking challenge Example: Higgs recoil mass Example: Higgs recoil mass  (1/p t ) ~ 5 ×10 -5 GeV -1 is necessary!

26. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 26 Tracking technology Two technologies considered: Si (few precise measuring layers) or gas (continuous) Two technologies considered: Si (few precise measuring layers) or gas (continuous) Gas tracker: Time projection chamber Gas tracker: Time projection chamber to achieve resolution goal requires an advance in TPC technology to achieve resolution goal requires an advance in TPC technology Canadian groups have made big advances towards this goal… Canadian groups have made big advances towards this goal…

27. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 27 LC TPC R&D in Canada Prototype TPCs built to use MPGD readout: Prototype TPCs built to use MPGD readout: Carleton/Montreal group has pioneered the method of charge dispersion with a resistive anode for GEM and Micromegas TPC readout Carleton/Montreal group has pioneered the method of charge dispersion with a resistive anode for GEM and Micromegas TPC readout Victoria group has operated a GEM-TPC in magnetic fields up to 5 T Victoria group has operated a GEM-TPC in magnetic fields up to 5 T both prototypes have demonstrated significantly better resolution as compared to traditional TPCs both prototypes have demonstrated significantly better resolution as compared to traditional TPCs see presentations on Wednesday at CAP congress see presentations on Wednesday at CAP congress

28. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 28 Future plans for LC TPC R&D in Canada The Canadian group plans to The Canadian group plans to participate in test beam studies at KEK and DESY participate in test beam studies at KEK and DESY participate in the design and construction of a large scale prototype in collaboration with other groups from around the world participate in the design and construction of a large scale prototype in collaboration with other groups from around the world how to segment and tile MPGDs on a large endplate? how to segment and tile MPGDs on a large endplate? perform simulation studies to answer questions arising in the detector concepts perform simulation studies to answer questions arising in the detector concepts pattern recognition in jets pattern recognition in jets how well can non-uniform magnetic fields be determined and corrected for? how well can non-uniform magnetic fields be determined and corrected for?

29. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 29 Calorimeter

30. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 30 Jet Energy Resolution Requirements Goal: distinguish W and Z when they decay into quarks Goal: distinguish W and Z when they decay into quarks requires excellent jet energy resolution,  E ~ 30%  E requires excellent jet energy resolution,  E ~ 30%  E example:

31. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 31 Calorimeter technology To reach goal requires narrow showers and fine segmentation: ECAL: Si+W HCAL: SS+Scint? To reach goal requires narrow showers and fine segmentation: ECAL: Si+W HCAL: SS+Scint? Iron Tungsten

32. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 32 LC Calorimetry R&D in Canada Canadian group is just starting to join existing LC calorimeter efforts: Canadian group is just starting to join existing LC calorimeter efforts: Regina group has experience with SiPM readout – very attractive option for HCAL readout Regina group has experience with SiPM readout – very attractive option for HCAL readout McGill group to participate in test beam studies of prototype calorimeter systems (CALICE collaboration) McGill group to participate in test beam studies of prototype calorimeter systems (CALICE collaboration)

33. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 33 Bringing the ILC into reality An international structure has been set up to complete the global design of the ILC An international structure has been set up to complete the global design of the ILC Leader of the Global Design Effort: Barry Barish Leader of the Global Design Effort: Barry Barish ILCSC Global Design Effort Asia Regional Team N. American Regional Team European Regional Team Participating Labs and Universities Participating Labs and Universities Participating Labs and Universities

34. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 34 ILC timescale 2005: 2005: GDE put together GDE put together Detector concept groups in formation Detector concept groups in formation 2006: 2006: GDE to prepare the ILC Conceptual Design GDE to prepare the ILC Conceptual Design Detector concept groups to prepare “detector outlines” Detector concept groups to prepare “detector outlines” 2007/8: 2007/8: GDE to complete the ILC Technical Design GDE to complete the ILC Technical Design Detector concepts complete Conceptual Designs Detector concepts complete Conceptual Designs 2008/9: 2008/9: Site selection, government approvals, begin construction Site selection, government approvals, begin construction Detector collaborations form Detector collaborations form 2015?: 2015?: earliest start of experimental program earliest start of experimental program

35. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 35 Next steps Later this summer, a two week workshop is being held at Snowmass Later this summer, a two week workshop is being held at Snowmass finalize baseline accelerator parameters for CDR finalize baseline accelerator parameters for CDR strong focus on detector concept studies strong focus on detector concept studies 450 registered already 450 registered already a good opportunity for newcomers to join the effort a good opportunity for newcomers to join the effort

36. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 36 Canadian planning Canadian ILC R&D funded through NSERC discovery grants Canadian ILC R&D funded through NSERC discovery grants eg. 5 grantees on last TPC request (2004) eg. 5 grantees on last TPC request (2004) Travel to ILC workshops have been supported through IOF grants Travel to ILC workshops have been supported through IOF grants 14 grantees on last request (2002) 14 grantees on last request (2002) Nucleus of Canadian group is meeting to plan for future ILC activity: Nucleus of Canadian group is meeting to plan for future ILC activity: Montreal / McGill / Carleton / Toronto / Regina / UBC / Victoria Montreal / McGill / Carleton / Toronto / Regina / UBC / Victoria Next meeting: June 6, 5:15pm, room: CEME 1202 (follows PPD session) All are welcome Next meeting: June 6, 5:15pm, room: CEME 1202 (follows PPD session) All are welcome

37. June 4, 2005The International Linear Collider / IPP Town Hall Meeting 37 Summary The physics case for a Linear Collider is very compelling The physics case for a Linear Collider is very compelling The technologies for the machine and the experiments are in hand The technologies for the machine and the experiments are in hand The international HEP community is solidly behind the project and is working together to bring it to reality The international HEP community is solidly behind the project and is working together to bring it to reality To ensure a strong future for particle physics in Canada, it is important for us to participate in this project To ensure a strong future for particle physics in Canada, it is important for us to participate in this project Please join us. For more information see: Please join us. For more information see: www.linearcollider.org www.linearcollider.ca