1. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS IP Solutions: IP-DVB Encapsulation, Multimedia Router/Receivers & Communication Systems for SNGs Steve Good Director, Sales Engineering Comtech EF Data

2. 2 SSPI Brazil Broadcast Day Agenda Efficiencies in Satellite Communications IP-DVB Encapsulation Multimedia Router/Receivers Communication Systems for SNGs

3. 3 Comtech EF Data A subsidiary of Comtech Telecommunications (NASDAQ: CMTL) CMTL FY-2006 Revenues: US$ 391.5 million Comtech EF Data (CEFD) Headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, USA All products are designed and manufactured in our ISO-9001 certified facility –Three adjacent buildings with 125,000+ square feet Our Mission –To be a worldwide supplier of high quality, high value satellite communications equipment for commercial and government markets

4. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS Efficiencies in Satellite Communications

5. 5 Satellite Communication Economics “Total Cost of Ownership” Costs typically associated with satellite communications – Operating expenses  Satellite space segment  Recurring license fees and taxes  Support and maintenance – Capital (Fixed) expenses  Ground equipment, codec, routers, switching equipment, modems, converters, RF, HPA, antennas  Site preparation, civil works, one time license fees Operating Expenses Capital Expenses Network Operations + Depreciation Total Cost of Ownership Operations & Maintenance Transmission OPEX Power Spares/Support Training Site Rental Network Equipment Site Equipment Civil Works NRO Transmission Equipment

6. 6 OPEX (Space Segment) Bandwidth and Power Efficient Satellite Solutions to reduce OPEX 1.Reducing power through better forward error correction (Turbo, LDPC codes) 2.Increasing data rate through higher order modulation (8PSK, 8-QAM, 16- QAM, 16APSK, 32APSK, etc.) 3.Efficient IP-enabled modems (QoS, IP Header & Payload Compression) 4.dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) and Single Hop Mesh links Enables simultaneous optimization of satellite transponder power and bandwidth

7. 7 Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/No

8. 8 Allocated vs. Power Equivalent Bandwidth (PEB) Relative Bandwidth (%) – for same data rate -110-100-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090100110 16QAM 7/8 16QAM 3/4 8PSK 5/6 8PSK 2/3 QPSK 7/8 QPSK 3/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 1/2 = 100%

9. 9 Allocated vs. Power Equivalent Bandwidth (PEB) Allocated BW –Portion of transponder that actually used –Function of modulation and FEC –Decreases with higher order mods and FECs –“Bandwidth Limited” links have greater Allocated than PEB PEB –Fraction of transponder required to close link –Function of hub antenna, remote antenna and satellite specifics along with required Eb/No –Increases with higher order mods and FECs –“Power Limited” links have greater PEB than Allocated

10. 10 Modulation and FEC Efficiencies Example ModulationFEC Type FEC Rate Allocated (MHz) PEB (MHz) Greater (MHz) Cost per Month QPSKVit RS1/22.931.332.93$11,700 8QAMLDPC2/31.331.41 $5,600 16QAMTPC7/80.763.78 $15,100 Let’s look at an example of a 2.048kbps link in C-Band from a 16M to a 3.7M antenna with a cost of $4,000 per MHz per month BW Limited PEB Limited BW/PEB Balanced

11. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS IP-DVB Encapsulation

12. 12 Types of Encapsulation SCPC Carrier –HDLC MCPC / “TDM” / TDMA Carrier –HDLC DVB-S2 –Multiprotocol Encapsulation (MPE) –Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)  Removes MPEG-2 Layer  Utilizes smaller header than MPE or ULE –Ultra Lite Encapsulation (ULE)  Maintains MPEG-2 Layer  Can compress IP header from 20 bytes to 4 bytes and MPE header from 12 bytes to 4 bytes

13. 13 Encapsulating IP Traffic into a DVB-S2 Stream The original DVB-S standard was designed around video with “the world of computers” not prioritized (listed last) in the DVB Project’s Goals for DVB-S DVB-S2 has been designed from the ground up with IP in mind. The sharing of a single saturated carrier allows many economies and joint services to be offered New technologies not only increase the efficiency of IP to MPEG-2 TS conversion but also allow intelligent PID filtering and conversion between video and data standards –Can receive IP, convert to MPEG-2 TS –Can receive MPEG-2 TS, convert to IP –Can select both the channels to be watched and the means how to watch them (video monitor, PC, etc.)

14. 14 The IP to MPE to MPEG-2 TS Encapsulation Process Original Ethernet Frame Ethernet Header Discarded MPE Process MPEG-2 Process

15. 15 MPE/MPEG-2 Encapsulation Efficiencies Function of packet size and whether Section Packing is utilized or not With Section Packing and large (1500 byte packets), efficiencies of 96.6% can be achieved –Section Packing allows a single MPEG-2 frame to include two different MPE packets –Without Section Packing, portion of MPEG-2 frame goes unused ULE and GSE are alternative methods of IP encapsulation that have had differing levels of acceptance in the market By using section packing with moderately sized packets leads to indiscriminate differences in efficiencies between MPE/MPEG-2 and ULE/GSE

16. 16 MENCAP 50 IP Encapsulator (CME-5000) Ethernet Input with mirrored ASI Output 73 Mbps performance Up to 10,000 simultaneous routes Unicast & Multicast Traffic 1:1 Redundancy within 1RU Boot time under 15 seconds – from powering on to passing traffic Based on an embedded eCos platform that is tuned for high performance packet processing applications Configuration changes can be made without the need to stop and restart the unit

17. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS Multimedia Router/Receivers

18. 18 Comtech EF Data DVB-S2 Router/Receivers CME-5200 –ASI Input, Ethernet Output –Add MPE data service to existing IRD-equipped remote –Easily add IPTV to a network that has an existing IRD with ASI Output –Create IPTV service from MPEG-TS CME-5970 –L-Band Input, Ethernet (10/100 Base T) output –Supports DVB-S (2-45 Msps) –DVB-S2 (5-30 Msps)

19. 19 Add MPE Service to IRD IRD Video Channel 1 ASI Loop Video Channel 2 ASI Loop IP Data LBand

20. 20 Create IPTV Service from Video IRD Video Channel 1 ASI Loop Video Channel 2 ASI Loop MPEG-2 TS on IP LBand

21. 21 DVB-S2 Router/Receiver (CME-5990) L-Band Input, Ethernet out ASI Input / Output Multiplex streams from satellite and local ASI to ASI, Ethernet, or both interfaces Filter streams from satellite and local ASI to ASI, Ethernet, or both interfaces Compatible with DVB-S 4 in 1: Satellite Receiver, Combiner, Filter, Video to IP

22. 22 Media Router S2-ASI - IPTV (CME-5990) Create IPTV Service from existing video feed from satellite interface and/or ASI Interface Map incoming MPEG-TS program to Multicast Address The packets received in the MPEG-TS from either Satellite or ASI will be mapped to the defined multicast address

23. 23 Media Router S2-ASI Media Router S2-ASI ASI LBand ASI Ethernet LAN / PC Satellite Video Backhaul or Local Feed Video Backhaul or Local Feed Output MPE & MPEG-TS to Ethernet, ASI or both Filter or Combine Satellite & ASI Inputs

24. 24 Comtech EF Data’s Array of DVB-S2 Products Product line includes DVB-S2 Modems, IP Encapsulators & Receivers –Support for DVB standards including DVB-S2 –Delivery of IPTV services –Offers range of interfaces, redundancy options, and IP-based management –Spans satellite, cable, wireless and cellular networks –Supports video and IP-based content contribution and distribution IP EncapsulatorsDVB-S2 ReceiversModulatiors & Demodulators

25. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS Communications Systems for SNGs

26. 26 Satellite Access Topologies Point-to-Point –Two points  single satellite hop Star –Single central point  multiple remote sites –Remote-to-remote  double-hop connection Mesh –Remote-to-remote  single satellite hop –Full Mesh  Any remote to any other remote Hybrid Star/Mesh –Multi hub-and-spoke configuration –Certain remotes communicate with certain other remotes  Hub  Gateway Remotes  Non-Gateway Remotes

27. 27 Traditional Satellite Delivery Systems AdvantageMinus Dedicated bandwidth for each remote inbound. Each remote requires its own space segment. Provides superior Quality of Service for mission critical applications. Expensive OPEX if each remote bandwidth is not fully utilized. Low Latency and Low JitterSCPC modems typically more expensive than VSAT modems. Best transmission method for real-time applications, voice, data, video, broadcast, etc. Fixed data rates. DAMA requires multiple modems for multiple applications. AdvantageMinus Sharing of satellite bandwidth.High Latency and Increased Jitter Lower overall OPEX compared to dedicated pipes. Demanding remotes can burden the system. Good for low data rate applications. Expensive hub equipment. Low cost remotes.Fragmentation of packets. Less effective for voice and video. All remotes must be designed around worst case link. Single Channel Per Carrier Time Division Multiple Access

28. 28 Satellite Access Technologies (TDMA.. also RCS) Time Division Multiple Access allows multiple remotes to access the same medium in an organized fashion Media access control is required –Reference bursts  Timing references for all stations to allow proper burst interleaving within TDMA frame –Guard time  Transmit timing accuracy and range rate variation of satellite Traffic burst –One remote at a time –Detailed traffic plan is calculated and disseminated –One or many slots per burst –One remote per slot

29. 29 Satellite Access Technologies (TDMA.. RCS) Utilizes a framing technique –Frames can be viewed as portions or “chunks” of TDMA carrier –For a network with VoIP, frame lengths are typically set to be 125 msec long to match the characteristics of human voice Each frame is divided into a number of slots –Number of slots per frame determined by selected FEC technique –Smaller FEC selection results in small slots  Larger number of slots per frame  Larger portion of TDMA overhead vs. traffic –Larger FEC selection results in large slots  Smaller number of slots per frame  Smaller portion of TDMA overhead vs. traffic –No sharing of slots  if IP data does not completely fill the slot, this bandwidth

30. 30 Satellite Access Technologies (TDMA.. RCS) Two different data rates are important when sizing a TDMA network… IP Rate and Information Rate IP Rate is the actual IP throughput including IP headers and data at Layer 3 of the OSI model –Represents actual LAN traffic on both remote and hub LANs Information Rate is the actual Layer 2 information, including TDMA framing overhead, sent over the satellite –Link budgets must account for this number and not IP Rate –Different TDMA platforms have different IP Rate / Information Rate efficiencies  Depends on TDMA satellite access method (aloha, slotted aloha, deterministic, selective, etc.)

31. 31 Satellite Access Technologies (SCPC) Single Channel per Carrier provides the ability for one remote to access the same medium at a time in an un-contended fashion –No sharing of bandwidth between remotes within the medium itself –No concept of a timeframe as packets are tightly packed without concern of contention No media access control is required –Associated overhead eliminated –All “bursts” are traffic, one after another not overhead Earth station has a set amount bandwidth available to it at all times

32. 32 Satellite Access Technologies (dynamic SCPC) Dynamically switched SCPC links allocated to remotes depending upon –SIP, H.323 or TOS byte switching –QoS rules based on address, port and/or protocol –Traffic load –Pre-determined scheduling Single Hop on Demand (SHOD) –Single hop links from remote-to-remote –Eliminates double-hopping –Provides single carrier operation for simultaneous connections with both hub and remote from a remote site Remote that is allocated SCPC carrier has the entire bandwidth available to it –When SCPC carrier not needed, de-allocated Master controller manages allocation of SCPC carriers

33. 33 Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) SCPC links are best you can get for providing “always-on” pipes. SCPC links are typically fixed at a specific data rate, requiring manual intervention to re-size when additional applications need transport. Problem – why pay for “always-on” pipes when you don’t need them 24/7? Problem – how can you automate the bandwidth requirements of the satellite link based on the numerous daily changes in applications running over the link, and keep hardware and operational costs low? Solution – dSCPC provides the automated mechanism to: –switch up SCPC links based on a variety of conditions:  Application (H.323, SIP, ToS, QoS), Load, Schedule, VESP –alter the SCPC bandwidth to handle each application:  Carrier size is dynamically increased or decreased depending on type of traffic over the link –tear down the link when the application(s) are completed  Returns the remote to “home state”

34. 34 Share pools of bandwidth with other remotes, saving space segment cost Switch inbounds to SCPC only when needed Complete SCPC satellite network management for Vipersat components High Bandwidth solutions Single Hop “mesh” connectivity for remote-to-remote applications Operates over Multiple Transponders and Satellites dSCPC Operation via Vipersat STDMA Inbound TDM Broadcast SCPC Pools

35. 35 dSCPC Upstream Switching Applications Switching / SHOD Protocol detection occurs at the remote Capable of detecting the following protocols Video - H.323, SIP, TOS VoIP - H.323, SIP, TOS QoS Switching User selectable QoS rules allow switching based on: Source and/or Destination IP Addresses Source and/or Destination Ports Protocol Type (RTP, HTTP. FTP, UDP, TCP, etc.) Load Switching Buffer status of the remote is monitored Overloaded remotes can switch to SCPC Advanced Site Switching Allows for switching remotes from QPSK 3/4 STDMA channel into a single alternate Modulation/FEC when going to SCPC Scheduled Switching Circuits can be switched to SCPC by using the Vipersat Circuit Scheduler (VCS) Manual Switching Circuits can be manually switched to SCPC by VMS operator VESP Vipersat External Switching Protocol API that can be implemented in third party vendor equipment allowing requests for bandwidth by VMS Policy Priority Switching Type 254 policy is uninterruptible by other application, load, ToS, QoS or VESP switch requests. Manual and VCS can still interrupt.

36. 36 dSCPC Technology dSCPC allows for dynamic bandwidth allocation based on several “triggers”. Pools of bandwidth are shared between remotes. In the example to the right depicting a ten remote network: –Top picture is dedicated SCPC links with TDM outbound. 8.1 MHz satellite bandwidth required for all remotes to have 512 kbps return. –Bottom picture is dSCPC links with same TDM outbound. 5.94 MHz satellite bandwidth required for all remotes to have 64 kbps CIR with the ability to have 40% oversubscription. These remotes can switch up to 512 Kbps. Savings of 2.14 MHz. At $3,000/MHz/mo: –$6,417 per month savings –$77,004 per year savings

37. 37 Advanced Upstream Site Switch Allows remotes to switch into the bandwidth pool in a mod/FEC combination other than that of its home state. For example, remotes can switch out of home state of QPSK, TPC ¾ to a higher order modulation, i.e. 8QAM, 8PSK, 16QAM Yields greater bandwidth efficiencies. In the example to the right, dSCPC saves 2.1 MHz spectrum vs. TDM/SCPC links –Saves $77,004 annually Utilizing Adv. Upstream Site Switching –Switch from QPSK to 8QAM in this example –Saves an additional 476 KHz bandwidth ($17,136/yr) –$94,140/year saved when combining both examples

38. 38 IP Header Compression Supported Ethernet Headers Ethernet 2.0 Ethernet 2.0 + VLAN-tag Ethernet 2.0 + MPLS 802.3-raw 802.3-raw + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 802.3 + 802.2 + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + MPLS Supported Layer 3&4 Headers IP TCP UDP RTP (Codec Independent) Optional feature that conserves bandwidth over satellite links No reverse feedback channel needed Fixed refresh rate algorithm –Full packets sent periodically –Adjusted based upon link capacity and quality Supports point-to-point or point-to- multipoint –Unlike traditional methods that only support point-to-point Configurable on a per route basis easyConnect vs. Router Mode –Ethernet headers are compressed in easyConnect Mode –Ethernet headers are not sent over the satellite link in Router Mode

39. 39 IP Header Compression Supported Ethernet Headers Ethernet 2.0 Ethernet 2.0 + VLAN-tag Ethernet 2.0 + MPLS 802.3-raw 802.3-raw + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 802.3 + 802.2 + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + VLAN-tag 802.3 + 802.2 + SNAP + MPLS Supported Layer 3&4 Headers IP TCP UDP RTP (Codec Independent) No unified algorithm exists today for compressing IP/UDP/RTP streams –IPHC (RFC-1144) –CRTP (RFC-2508) –CIPX (RFC-1553) … are needed to fulfill this need Traditional compression techniques must operate under link layer headers such as Ethernet or PPP headers No traditional method compresses layer 2 header …these are needed since they are part of the compression algorithm itself ETH-2/IP/TCP/UDP stream packets  compressed into single byte over satellite link

40. 40 IP Header Compression Reduce VoIP bandwidth by 60% –G.729 (8Kbps) codec compressed from 32 Kbps to 10.8Kbps Configurable on a per route basis Reduce Web/HTTP traffic by 10% IP 20 Bytes UDP 8 Bytes RTP 12 Bytes CH 2-4 bytes Payload (Variable Size) Payload (Variable Size) Compression

41. 41 IP Payload Compression Advanced Lossless Data Compressing (ALDC) feature compresses payload (datagram), condensing the size of data frames –Reduces bandwidth required to transmit across satellite link –Provides typical traffic optimization in excess of 40%  Function of data context and average IP packet size Uses Lempel Ziv Stac compression technique with up to 2000 simultaneous sessions and 512 byte session history (vs. 32 session standard from HiFn) Configurable on a per route basis or network-wide Statistics available that report the level of compression being achieved When used in conjunction with header compression: –Maximizes link efficiency –Reduces operating expenditures

42. 42 IP Payload Compression TrafficWithout Payload Compression With Payload Compression File Transfer, Web, etc. 2 Mbps2Mbps * 60% = 1.2 Mbps Savings = 800 kbps Configurable on a per-route basis Provides traffic optimization Bandwidth Reduction of up to 40% 2Mbps 1.2Mbps

43. 43 Quality of Service (QoS) Flow-Based Rules –Up to 32 different rules possible –Defined by Protocol, Surce/Destination IP Address, Source/Destination Port Max/Priority –Assign maximum bandwidth that any traffic flow can utilize –Establish up to 8 levels of prioritization Min/Max –Set the minimum and maximum bandwidth for user-defined classes of traffic –Ensures that a certain level of bandwidth is always applied DiffServ –Provide higher priority to some applications over others –Industry-standard method of adding network-wide QoS –Enables seamless co-existence in networks that already have DiffServ deployed

44. 44 Vipersat via DVB-S2 Overlay

45. 45 Satellite News Gathering

46. 46 SSPI Brazil Broadcast Day Agenda Efficiencies in Satellite Communications IP-DVB Encapsulation Multimedia Router/Receivers Communication Systems for SNGs

47. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS IP Solutions: IP-DVB Encapsulation, Multimedia Router/Receivers & Communication Systems for SNGs Steve Good Director, Sales Engineering Comtech EF Data