1. Lecture 5 Physical Properties of Grains Geometrical Properties Engineering Properties

2. Why are Physical Characteristics Important? Optimize aeration or drying processes Affect grain flow properties as well as heat and mass transfer rates Can calculate thermal conductivity, diffusivity, surface and volume heat transfer coefficients, bulk density, resistance to airflow, internal friction, and breakage Each of these are directly or indirectly related to economics

5. Geometrical Properties Shape (roundness, sphericity, roundness, sphericity), volume, kernel density, bulk density.

6. Shape Describes the object Tracings compared with shapes listed on standard charts (Subjective). ShapeDescription RoundApproaching a sphere OblateFlattened at the stem end and apex OblongVertical diameter > horizontal diameter ConicTapered toward the apex OvateEgg-shaped ObovateInverted ovate EllipticalApproaching an ellipsoid TruncateHaving both ends squared or flattened RegularHorizontal section approaches a circle IrregularHorizontal cross section deviates from a circle

7. Roundness Roundness measures sharpness of corners Roundness=A p /A c Where, A p = largest projected area of object (kernel) A c = area of smallest circumscribing circle Area is obtained by projection or tracing. Roundness ratio = r/R Roundness = r/NR Where, r = radius of curvature of small circle R = Radius of maximum inscribed circle N = total number of corners

8. Sphericity: Measuring axial dimensions Trace outline of projected images of seeds. Maximum (a, b axes) and minimum (axes c) projected areas are traced.

10. Sphericity = d i /d c Where, d i = diameter of largest inscribed circle d c = diameter of smallest circumscribed circle Sphericity Isoperimetric property of a sphere:

11. Assuming volume of the object is equal to 3 axial measurements of an ellipsoid (a, b, c) and the diameter of the circumscribed sphere is the longest axial measurement, sphericity is expressed as: Sphericity can also be defined in terms of volume of an object (kernel) Sphericity = d e /d c Where d e = diameter of a sphere of the same volume as the object d c = diameter of the smallest circumscribing sphere Sphericity Continued

12. Calculating Volume (V) and Surface Area (S) There are several standard formulas for different shapes. For example, (Prolate spheroid) (Oblate spheroid) (Cone)

13. Regression method V = A a 1 b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3 ln V = lnA + b1 ln a 1 + b2 ln a 2 + b 3 ln a 3 Calculating Volume

16. Measuring Volume Grains are irregular objects Volume determined by water displacement method for large objects like fruits, potatoes, etc.

17. For smaller objects like small fruits and grains, a specific gravity balance can be used to measure volume, density, and specific gravity Volume = (weight in air – weight in water) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Weight density of water Volume

19. Measuring Surface Area Important for heat and mass transfer through grains Expressed as Square ft/Cubic ft One Method utilizes coating the grains with a single layer of metal powder (i.e. nickel) and measuring the change in weight. A control group, consisting of shapes of a known surface area and density (similar to grain being tested) is also coated. A factor representing the coating weight per unit surface area for the control group is used to calculate the surface area of the grain. You need to know the bulk volume to make the calculation work. A second method utilizes principles of flow through porous media. It is measured by air permeability though a packed bed of grains. This method measures the available surface area in a bed of granular materials.

20. Data obtained using the metal powder coating method

22. Porosity Ratio of intergranular volume to total space occupied by the grain (kernel volume plus the volume of intergranular space) A quantitative measure of kernel packing influenced by method of filling and period of storage

24. Grain Interporosity Refers to pores within a kernel Can influence the variety differences as well as mechanical properties such as hardness, elasticity, plasticity, resistance to compression, and water movement in grain. Less than 10 3 Angstroms are called micropores More than 10 3 Angstroms are called macropores Based on a mercury penetration technique –Intrusion of mercury into a capillary is a function of its diameter as given by a formula See reading assignment for more detail

25. Kernel Density vs. Bulk Density Kernel Density: the ratio of the kernel’s mass to its volume (excluding the intergranular spaces) Bulk Density: the ratio of the grain mass divided by the volume occupied by the grain kernels and the intergranular spaces –Varies with kernel density, spatial arrangement, and moisture content

28. Moisture Content Many methods –Oven Drying: determined on a dry weight basis –Published in the ASAE Standards Book Wheat: 10 g of wheat at 130 o C for 19 hours Corn: 15 g of corn at 103 o C for 72 hours Canola: 10 g of canola at 130 o C for 4 hours % moisture = 100 [(original weight – dried weight) / original weight] Standards for:

31. Engineering Properties Angle of Repose Distribution of weight in a bin Hardness of grain Breakage of grain Stress cracking Grain dust

32. Angle of Repose Influenced by frictional forces generated by the grain flowing against itself distribution of weight throughout the grain mass moisture content of the grain Could calculate how much grain will flow from a door in the side of a bin

33. Distribution of Weight = Force Magnitude of the force can be estimated using Janssen’s equation Grain Headspace

34. Grain Hardness Defined as resistance to being reduced in particle size Measured by NIR (near-infrared reflectance) or SKH (single kernel hardness tester) Influences: –Susceptibility to insect attack (rice weevils but not lesser grain borers) –Breakage during handling –Milling properties –Damage to starch produced during dry milling or grinding

35. Breakage % broken kernels are a determinant of grade Low moisture = more breakage Corn is more susceptible than other grains Breakage occurs: during harvest, handling, turning, or anytime the grain is moved

36. Stress Cracking A consideration when drying grain –Moist grain will swell and dry grain will shrink –If the rate of drying is too fast than the outside dries and shrinks before the center of the kernel have shrunk resulting in high internal pressure to crack –Result in planes of weakness that lead to breakage when moving the grain

37. Grain Dust Produced by forces generated during handling. Grain rubs against: –Itself –Bin walls –Equipment Can lead to dust explosions

38. The End Your brain on engineering properties?