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NUTRITION How it effects Brain Growth & Development
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How the brain develops Development of the brain and nervous system of the embryo begins shortly after conception Ectoderm neural tube spinal cord & brain (2-4 weeks) Umbilical cord and placenta not formed until week 2 of the embryos life
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How the brain develops Period of the fetus (3 rd month) Nervous system (brain & spinal cord) connect with organs and muscles Weeks 13-24, brain neurons are mostly complete (2 nd trimester)
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How the brain develops At birth, the brain has all the neurons it will need for life An infants brain is 25% of its adult weight at birth The above is assuming that the fetus was carried to term By the age of 2, the brain will be 75% of its adult weight (90% by age 6)
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How the brain develops Between birth and age 2, children will go through several stages of cognitive development including sensory development & language development Ex) 8-18 months = first words approx 2 years = combining words 6 years = 10 000 word vocabulary
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Nutrition & Brain Development Prenatal nutrition Rapid development early in life Importance of nutrition in the main stages of development
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Nutrition during pregnancy Conception to 2 nd week –Umbilical cord not formed –Mother’s food intake does not have an effect on the embryo
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Nutrition during pregnancy Week 2 to birth –Nutrients to unborn child via mother –Most critical time for development of central nervous system –Folic acid Early in pregnancy Also late in pregnancy
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Nutrition during pregnancy Folic acid deficiency ( Biotech Week, 2004) –Anencephaly = irregular brain formation –Stem cell division –Lifelong brain impairment
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Nutrition during pregnancy Proper nutrition Recommended amount of nutrients Alcohol & smoking Normal cognitive development
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Nutrition for Infants Breast Milk vs. Formula Convenience vs. health 3 rd world vs. developed countries
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( Better Nutrition, 2000) –Premature infants –Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids –Faster brainstem maturation
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Nutrition for Infants When the bottle may be better –(Lawson, 2003) –Vegan mother’s –Vitamin B12 deficiency Developmental delays Attention span, notivation
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Nutrition in young children (Core, 2003) –Poor nutrition = hampered mental development Information processing Language Below average for age Marasumus
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Nutrition for Continued Growth After the most critical stages of cognitive development –Minimal size development left (full adult weight by age 16) –Maintenance
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Nutrition for Continued Growth Healthy mind –Balanced diet –Essential nutrients –variety
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Summary Most critical stages of cognitive development Effects of poor nutrition Healthy eating Healthy mind
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